// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) 2016, Gregory Popovitch - greg7mdp@gmail.com
// All rights reserved.
// 
// This work is derived from Google's sparsehash library
//
// Copyright (c) 2010, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifdef _MSC_VER 
    #pragma warning( disable : 4820 ) // '6' bytes padding added after data member...
    #pragma warning( disable : 4710 ) // function not inlined
    #pragma warning( disable : 4514 ) // unreferenced inline function has been removed
    #pragma warning( disable : 4996 ) // 'fopen': This function or variable may be unsafe
#endif

#include <sparsepp/spp.h>

#ifdef _MSC_VER 
    #pragma warning( disable : 4127 ) // conditional expression is constant
    #pragma warning(push, 0)
#endif


#include <math.h>
#include <stddef.h>   // for size_t
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <typeinfo>   // for class typeinfo (returned by typeid)
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>   // for length_error

namespace sparsehash_internal = SPP_NAMESPACE::sparsehash_internal;
using SPP_NAMESPACE::sparsetable;
using SPP_NAMESPACE::sparse_hashtable;
using SPP_NAMESPACE::sparse_hash_map;
using SPP_NAMESPACE::sparse_hash_set;



// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef _MSC_VER   // windows defines its own version
    #ifdef __MINGW32__ // mingw has trouble writing to /tmp
        static std::string TmpFile(const char* basename)
        {
             return std::string("./#") + basename;
        }
    #endif
#else
    #pragma warning(disable : 4996)
    #define snprintf sprintf_s 
    #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN  /* We always want minimal includes */
    #include <windows.h>
    std::string TmpFile(const char* basename) 
    {
        char tmppath_buffer[1024];
        int tmppath_len = GetTempPathA(sizeof(tmppath_buffer), tmppath_buffer);
        if (tmppath_len <= 0 || tmppath_len >= sizeof(tmppath_buffer))
            return basename;           // an error, so just bail on tmppath

        sprintf_s(tmppath_buffer + tmppath_len, 1024 - tmppath_len, "\\%s", basename);
        return tmppath_buffer;
    }
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER 
    #pragma warning(pop)
#endif


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
char *mystrdup(const char *str)
{
    size_t len = strlen(str);
    char *result = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
    memcpy(result, str, len + 1);
    return result;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// This is the "default" interface, which just passes everything
// through to the underlying hashtable.  You'll need to subclass it to
// specialize behavior for an individual hashtable.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class HT>
class BaseHashtableInterface 
{
public:
    virtual ~BaseHashtableInterface() {}

    typedef typename HT::key_type key_type;
    typedef typename HT::value_type value_type;
    typedef typename HT::hasher hasher;
    typedef typename HT::key_equal key_equal;
    typedef typename HT::allocator_type allocator_type;

    typedef typename HT::size_type size_type;
    typedef typename HT::difference_type difference_type;
    typedef typename HT::pointer pointer;
    typedef typename HT::const_pointer const_pointer;
    typedef typename HT::reference reference;
    typedef typename HT::const_reference const_reference;

    class const_iterator;

    class iterator : public HT::iterator 
    {
    public:
        iterator() : parent_(NULL) { }   // this allows code like "iterator it;"
        iterator(typename HT::iterator it, const BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }
        key_type key() { return parent_->it_to_key(*this); }

    private:
        friend class BaseHashtableInterface::const_iterator;  // for its ctor
        const BaseHashtableInterface* parent_;
    };

    class const_iterator : public HT::const_iterator 
    {
    public:
        const_iterator() : parent_(NULL) { }
        const_iterator(typename HT::const_iterator it,
                       const BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::const_iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }

        const_iterator(typename HT::iterator it,
                       BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::const_iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }

        // The parameter type here *should* just be "iterator", but MSVC
        // gets confused by that, so I'm overly specific.
        const_iterator(typename BaseHashtableInterface<HT>::iterator it)
            : HT::const_iterator(it), parent_(it.parent_) { }

        key_type key() { return parent_->it_to_key(*this); }

    private:
        const BaseHashtableInterface* parent_;
    };

    class const_local_iterator;

    class local_iterator : public HT::local_iterator 
    {
    public:
        local_iterator() : parent_(NULL) { }
        local_iterator(typename HT::local_iterator it,
                       const BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::local_iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }
        key_type key() { return parent_->it_to_key(*this); }

    private:
        friend class BaseHashtableInterface::const_local_iterator;  // for its ctor
        const BaseHashtableInterface* parent_;
    };

    class const_local_iterator : public HT::const_local_iterator 
    {
    public:
        const_local_iterator() : parent_(NULL) { }
        const_local_iterator(typename HT::const_local_iterator it,
                             const BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::const_local_iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }
        const_local_iterator(typename HT::local_iterator it,
                             BaseHashtableInterface* parent)
            : HT::const_local_iterator(it), parent_(parent) { }
        const_local_iterator(local_iterator it)
            : HT::const_local_iterator(it), parent_(it.parent_) { }
        key_type key() { return parent_->it_to_key(*this); }

    private:
        const BaseHashtableInterface* parent_;
    };

    iterator        begin()      { return iterator(ht_.begin(), this); }
    iterator        end()        { return iterator(ht_.end(), this);  }
    const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(ht_.begin(), this); }
    const_iterator end() const   { return const_iterator(ht_.end(), this); }
    local_iterator begin(size_type i) { return local_iterator(ht_.begin(i), this); }
    local_iterator end(size_type i)   { return local_iterator(ht_.end(i), this); }
    const_local_iterator begin(size_type i) const  { return const_local_iterator(ht_.begin(i), this); }
    const_local_iterator end(size_type i) const    { return const_local_iterator(ht_.end(i), this); }

    hasher hash_funct() const    { return ht_.hash_funct(); }
    hasher hash_function() const { return ht_.hash_function(); }
    key_equal key_eq() const     { return ht_.key_eq(); }
    allocator_type get_allocator() const { return ht_.get_allocator(); }

    BaseHashtableInterface(size_type expected_max_items_in_table,
                           const hasher& hf,
                           const key_equal& eql,
                           const allocator_type& alloc)
        : ht_(expected_max_items_in_table, hf, eql, alloc) { }

    // Not all ht_'s support this constructor: you should only call it
    // from a subclass if you know your ht supports it.  Otherwise call
    // the previous constructor, followed by 'insert(f, l);'.
    template <class InputIterator>
    BaseHashtableInterface(InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
                           size_type expected_max_items_in_table,
                           const hasher& hf,
                           const key_equal& eql,
                           const allocator_type& alloc)
        : ht_(f, l, expected_max_items_in_table, hf, eql, alloc) {
    }

    // This is the version of the constructor used by dense_*, which
    // requires an empty key in the constructor.
    template <class InputIterator>
    BaseHashtableInterface(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, key_type empty_k,
                           size_type expected_max_items_in_table,
                           const hasher& hf,
                           const key_equal& eql,
                           const allocator_type& alloc)
        : ht_(f, l, empty_k, expected_max_items_in_table, hf, eql, alloc) {
    }

    // This is the constructor appropriate for {dense,sparse}hashtable.
    template <class ExtractKey, class SetKey>
    BaseHashtableInterface(size_type expected_max_items_in_table,
                           const hasher& hf,
                           const key_equal& eql,
                           const ExtractKey& ek,
                           const SetKey& sk,
                           const allocator_type& alloc)
        : ht_(expected_max_items_in_table, hf, eql, ek, sk, alloc) { }


    void clear() { ht_.clear(); }
    void swap(BaseHashtableInterface& other) { ht_.swap(other.ht_); }

    // Only part of the API for some hashtable implementations.
    void clear_no_resize() { clear(); }

    size_type size() const             { return ht_.size(); }
    size_type max_size() const         { return ht_.max_size(); }
    bool empty() const                 { return ht_.empty(); }
    size_type bucket_count() const     { return ht_.bucket_count(); }
    size_type max_bucket_count() const { return ht_.max_bucket_count(); }

    size_type bucket_size(size_type i) const {
        return ht_.bucket_size(i);
    }
    size_type bucket(const key_type& key) const {
        return ht_.bucket(key);
    }

    float load_factor() const           { return ht_.load_factor(); }
    float max_load_factor() const       { return ht_.max_load_factor(); }
    void  max_load_factor(float grow)   { ht_.max_load_factor(grow); }
    float min_load_factor() const       { return ht_.min_load_factor(); }
    void  min_load_factor(float shrink) { ht_.min_load_factor(shrink); }
    void  set_resizing_parameters(float shrink, float grow) {
        ht_.set_resizing_parameters(shrink, grow);
    }

    void resize(size_type hint)    { ht_.resize(hint); }
    void rehash(size_type hint)    { ht_.rehash(hint); }

    iterator find(const key_type& key) {
        return iterator(ht_.find(key), this);
    }

    const_iterator find(const key_type& key) const {
        return const_iterator(ht_.find(key), this);
    }

    // Rather than try to implement operator[], which doesn't make much
    // sense for set types, we implement two methods: bracket_equal and
    // bracket_assign.  By default, bracket_equal(a, b) returns true if
    // ht[a] == b, and false otherwise.  (Note that this follows
    // operator[] semantics exactly, including inserting a if it's not
    // already in the hashtable, before doing the equality test.)  For
    // sets, which have no operator[], b is ignored, and bracket_equal
    // returns true if key is in the set and false otherwise.
    // bracket_assign(a, b) is equivalent to ht[a] = b.  For sets, b is
    // ignored, and bracket_assign is equivalent to ht.insert(a).
    template<typename AssignValue>
    bool bracket_equal(const key_type& key, const AssignValue& expected) {
        return ht_[key] == expected;
    }

    template<typename AssignValue>
    void bracket_assign(const key_type& key, const AssignValue& value) {
        ht_[key] = value;
    }

    size_type count(const key_type& key) const { return ht_.count(key); }

    std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key) 
    {
        std::pair<typename HT::iterator, typename HT::iterator> r
            = ht_.equal_range(key);
        return std::pair<iterator, iterator>(iterator(r.first, this),
                                             iterator(r.second, this));
    }
    std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key) const 
    {
        std::pair<typename HT::const_iterator, typename HT::const_iterator> r
            = ht_.equal_range(key);
        return std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>(
            const_iterator(r.first, this), const_iterator(r.second, this));
    }

    const_iterator random_element(class ACMRandom* r) const {
        return const_iterator(ht_.random_element(r), this);
    }

    iterator random_element(class ACMRandom* r)  {
        return iterator(ht_.random_element(r), this);
    }

    std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj) {
        std::pair<typename HT::iterator, bool> r = ht_.insert(obj);
        return std::pair<iterator, bool>(iterator(r.first, this), r.second);
    }
    template <class InputIterator>
    void insert(InputIterator f, InputIterator l) {
        ht_.insert(f, l);
    }
    void insert(typename HT::const_iterator f, typename HT::const_iterator l) {
        ht_.insert(f, l);
    }
    iterator insert(typename HT::iterator, const value_type& obj) {
        return iterator(insert(obj).first, this);
    }

    // These will commonly need to be overridden by the child.
    void set_empty_key(const key_type& k) { ht_.set_empty_key(k); }
    void clear_empty_key() { ht_.clear_empty_key(); }
    key_type empty_key() const { return ht_.empty_key(); }

    void set_deleted_key(const key_type& k) { ht_.set_deleted_key(k); }
    void clear_deleted_key() { ht_.clear_deleted_key(); }

    size_type erase(const key_type& key)   { return ht_.erase(key); }
    void erase(typename HT::iterator it)   { ht_.erase(it); }
    void erase(typename HT::iterator f, typename HT::iterator l) {
        ht_.erase(f, l);
    }

    bool operator==(const BaseHashtableInterface& other) const {
        return ht_ == other.ht_;
    }
    bool operator!=(const BaseHashtableInterface& other) const {
        return ht_ != other.ht_;
    }

    template <typename ValueSerializer, typename OUTPUT>
    bool serialize(ValueSerializer serializer, OUTPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.serialize(serializer, fp);
    }
    template <typename ValueSerializer, typename INPUT>
    bool unserialize(ValueSerializer serializer, INPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.unserialize(serializer, fp);
    }

    template <typename OUTPUT>
    bool write_metadata(OUTPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.write_metadata(fp);
    }
    template <typename INPUT>
    bool read_metadata(INPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.read_metadata(fp);
    }
    template <typename OUTPUT>
    bool write_nopointer_data(OUTPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.write_nopointer_data(fp);
    }
    template <typename INPUT>
    bool read_nopointer_data(INPUT *fp) {
        return ht_.read_nopointer_data(fp);
    }

    // low-level stats
    int num_table_copies() const { return (int)ht_.num_table_copies(); }

    // Not part of the hashtable API, but is provided to make testing easier.
    virtual key_type get_key(const value_type& value) const = 0;
    // All subclasses should define get_data(value_type) as well.  I don't
    // provide an abstract-virtual definition here, because the return type
    // differs between subclasses (not all subclasses define data_type).
    //virtual data_type get_data(const value_type& value) const = 0;
    //virtual data_type default_data() const = 0;

    // These allow introspection into the interface.  "Supports" means
    // that the implementation of this functionality isn't a noop.
    virtual bool supports_clear_no_resize() const = 0;
    virtual bool supports_empty_key() const = 0;
    virtual bool supports_deleted_key() const = 0;
    virtual bool supports_brackets() const = 0;     // has a 'real' operator[]
    virtual bool supports_readwrite() const = 0;
    virtual bool supports_num_table_copies() const = 0;
    virtual bool supports_serialization() const = 0;

protected:
    HT ht_;

    // These are what subclasses have to define to get class-specific behavior
    virtual key_type it_to_key(const iterator& it) const = 0;
    virtual key_type it_to_key(const const_iterator& it) const = 0;
    virtual key_type it_to_key(const local_iterator& it) const = 0;
    virtual key_type it_to_key(const const_local_iterator& it) const = 0;
};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class Key, class T,
          class HashFcn  = SPP_HASH_CLASS<Key>,
          class EqualKey = std::equal_to<Key>,
          class Alloc    = SPP_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<std::pair<const Key, T> > >
class HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap
    : public BaseHashtableInterface< sparse_hash_map<Key, T, HashFcn,
                                                     EqualKey, Alloc> >
{
private:
    typedef sparse_hash_map<Key, T, HashFcn, EqualKey, Alloc> ht;
    typedef BaseHashtableInterface<ht> p;  // parent

public:
    explicit HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap(
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(expected_max_items, hf, eql, alloc) { }

    template <class InputIterator>
    HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap(
        InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(f, l, expected_max_items, hf, eql, alloc) { }

    typename p::key_type get_key(const typename p::value_type& value) const {
        return value.first;
    }
    typename ht::data_type get_data(const typename p::value_type& value) const {
        return value.second;
    }
    typename ht::data_type default_data() const {
        return typename ht::data_type();
    }

    bool supports_clear_no_resize() const { return false; }
    bool supports_empty_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_deleted_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_brackets() const { return true; }
    bool supports_readwrite() const { return true; }
    bool supports_num_table_copies() const { return false; }
    bool supports_serialization() const { return true; }

    void set_empty_key(const typename p::key_type&) { }
    void clear_empty_key() { }
    typename p::key_type empty_key() const { return typename p::key_type(); }

    int num_table_copies() const { return 0; }

    typedef typename ht::NopointerSerializer NopointerSerializer;

protected:
    template <class K2, class T2, class H2, class E2, class A2>
    friend void swap(HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<K2,T2,H2,E2,A2>& a,
                     HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<K2,T2,H2,E2,A2>& b);

    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::iterator& it) const {
        return it->first;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_iterator& it) const {
        return it->first;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::local_iterator& it) const {
        return it->first;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_local_iterator& it) const {
        return it->first;
    }
};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class K, class T, class H, class E, class A>
void swap(HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<K,T,H,E,A>& a,
          HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<K,T,H,E,A>& b) 
{
    swap(a.ht_, b.ht_);
}


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class Value,
          class HashFcn  = SPP_HASH_CLASS<Value>,
          class EqualKey = std::equal_to<Value>,
          class Alloc    = SPP_DEFAULT_ALLOCATOR<Value> >
class HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet
    : public BaseHashtableInterface< sparse_hash_set<Value, HashFcn,
                                                     EqualKey, Alloc> > 
{
private:
    typedef sparse_hash_set<Value, HashFcn, EqualKey, Alloc> ht;
    typedef BaseHashtableInterface<ht> p;  // parent

public:
    explicit HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet(
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(expected_max_items, hf, eql, alloc) { }

    template <class InputIterator>
    HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet(
        InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(f, l, expected_max_items, hf, eql, alloc) { }

    template<typename AssignValue>
    bool bracket_equal(const typename p::key_type& key, const AssignValue&) {
        return this->ht_.find(key) != this->ht_.end();
    }

    template<typename AssignValue>
    void bracket_assign(const typename p::key_type& key, const AssignValue&) {
        this->ht_.insert(key);
    }

    typename p::key_type get_key(const typename p::value_type& value) const {
        return value;
    }
    // For sets, the only 'data' is that an item is actually inserted.
    bool get_data(const typename p::value_type&) const {
        return true;
    }
    bool default_data() const {
        return true;
    }

    bool supports_clear_no_resize() const { return false; }
    bool supports_empty_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_deleted_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_brackets() const { return false; }
    bool supports_readwrite() const { return true; }
    bool supports_num_table_copies() const { return false; }
    bool supports_serialization() const { return true; }

    void set_empty_key(const typename p::key_type&) { }
    void clear_empty_key() { }
    typename p::key_type empty_key() const { return typename p::key_type(); }

    int num_table_copies() const { return 0; }

    typedef typename ht::NopointerSerializer NopointerSerializer;

protected:
    template <class K2, class H2, class E2, class A2>
    friend void swap(HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<K2,H2,E2,A2>& a,
                     HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<K2,H2,E2,A2>& b);

    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::iterator& it) const {
        return *it;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_iterator& it) const {
        return *it;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::local_iterator& it) const {
        return *it;
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_local_iterator& it)
        const {
        return *it;
    }
};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class K, class H, class E, class A>
void swap(HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<K,H,E,A>& a,
          HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<K,H,E,A>& b) 
{
    swap(a.ht_, b.ht_);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class Value, class Key, class HashFcn, class ExtractKey,
          class SetKey, class EqualKey, class Alloc>
class HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable
    : public BaseHashtableInterface< sparse_hashtable<Value, Key, HashFcn,
                                                      ExtractKey, SetKey,
                                                      EqualKey, Alloc> > 
{
private:
    typedef sparse_hashtable<Value, Key, HashFcn, ExtractKey, SetKey,
                             EqualKey, Alloc> ht;
    typedef BaseHashtableInterface<ht> p;  // parent

public:
    explicit HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable(
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(expected_max_items, hf, eql,
                                     ExtractKey(), SetKey(), alloc) { }

    template <class InputIterator>
    HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable(
        InputIterator f, InputIterator l,
        typename p::size_type expected_max_items = 0,
        const typename p::hasher& hf = typename p::hasher(),
        const typename p::key_equal& eql = typename p::key_equal(),
        const typename p::allocator_type& alloc = typename p::allocator_type())
        : BaseHashtableInterface<ht>(expected_max_items, hf, eql,
                                     ExtractKey(), SetKey(), alloc) {
        this->insert(f, l);
    }

    float max_load_factor() const {
        float shrink, grow;
        this->ht_.get_resizing_parameters(&shrink, &grow);
        return grow;
    }
    void max_load_factor(float new_grow) {
        float shrink, grow;
        this->ht_.get_resizing_parameters(&shrink, &grow);
        this->ht_.set_resizing_parameters(shrink, new_grow);
    }
    float min_load_factor() const {
        float shrink, grow;
        this->ht_.get_resizing_parameters(&shrink, &grow);
        return shrink;
    }
    void min_load_factor(float new_shrink) {
        float shrink, grow;
        this->ht_.get_resizing_parameters(&shrink, &grow);
        this->ht_.set_resizing_parameters(new_shrink, grow);
    }

    template<typename AssignValue>
    bool bracket_equal(const typename p::key_type&, const AssignValue&) {
        return false;
    }

    template<typename AssignValue>
    void bracket_assign(const typename p::key_type&, const AssignValue&) {
    }

    typename p::key_type get_key(const typename p::value_type& value) const {
        return extract_key(value);
    }
    typename p::value_type get_data(const typename p::value_type& value) const {
        return value;
    }
    typename p::value_type default_data() const {
        return typename p::value_type();
    }

    bool supports_clear_no_resize() const { return false; }
    bool supports_empty_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_deleted_key() const { return false; }
    bool supports_brackets() const { return false; }
    bool supports_readwrite() const { return true; }
    bool supports_num_table_copies() const { return true; }
    bool supports_serialization() const { return true; }

    void set_empty_key(const typename p::key_type&) { }
    void clear_empty_key() { }
    typename p::key_type empty_key() const { return typename p::key_type(); }

    // These tr1 names aren't defined for sparse_hashtable.
    typename p::hasher hash_function() { return this->hash_funct(); }
    void rehash(typename p::size_type hint) { this->resize(hint); }

    // TODO(csilvers): also support/test destructive_begin()/destructive_end()?

    typedef typename ht::NopointerSerializer NopointerSerializer;

protected:
    template <class V2, class K2, class HF2, class EK2, class SK2, class Eq2,
              class A2>
    friend void swap(
        HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<V2,K2,HF2,EK2,SK2,Eq2,A2>& a,
        HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<V2,K2,HF2,EK2,SK2,Eq2,A2>& b);

    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::iterator& it) const {
        return extract_key(*it);
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_iterator& it) const {
        return extract_key(*it);
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::local_iterator& it) const {
        return extract_key(*it);
    }
    typename p::key_type it_to_key(const typename p::const_local_iterator& it)
        const {
        return extract_key(*it);
    }

private:
    ExtractKey extract_key;
};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <class V, class K, class HF, class EK, class SK, class Eq, class A>
void swap(HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<V,K,HF,EK,SK,Eq,A>& a,
          HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<V,K,HF,EK,SK,Eq,A>& b) {
    swap(a.ht_, b.ht_);
}

void EXPECT_TRUE(bool cond)
{
    if (!cond)
    {
        ::fputs("Test failed:\n", stderr);
        ::exit(1);
    }
}

namespace spp_
{

namespace testing 
{

#define EXPECT_FALSE(a)  EXPECT_TRUE(!(a))
#define EXPECT_EQ(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) == (b))
#define EXPECT_NE(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) != (b))
#define EXPECT_LT(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) < (b))
#define EXPECT_GT(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) > (b))
#define EXPECT_LE(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) <= (b))
#define EXPECT_GE(a, b)  EXPECT_TRUE((a) >= (b))

#define EXPECT_DEATH(cmd, expected_error_string)                            \
  try {                                                                     \
      cmd;                                                                  \
      EXPECT_FALSE("did not see expected error: " #expected_error_string);  \
  } catch (const std::length_error&) {                                      \
      /* Good, the cmd failed. */                                           \
  }

#define TEST(suitename, testname)                                       \
  class TEST_##suitename##_##testname {                                 \
   public:                                                              \
    TEST_##suitename##_##testname() {                                   \
      ::fputs("Running " #suitename "." #testname "\n", stderr);        \
      Run();                                                            \
    }                                                                   \
    void Run();                                                         \
  };                                                                    \
  static TEST_##suitename##_##testname                                  \
      test_instance_##suitename##_##testname;                           \
  void TEST_##suitename##_##testname::Run()


template<typename C1, typename C2, typename C3> 
struct TypeList3 
{
  typedef C1 type1;
  typedef C2 type2;
  typedef C3 type3;
};

// I need to list 9 types here, for code below to compile, though
// only the first 3 are ever used.
#define TYPED_TEST_CASE_3(classname, typelist)  \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type1;    \
  typedef typelist::type2 classname##_type2;    \
  typedef typelist::type3 classname##_type3;    \
  SPP_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED static const int classname##_numtypes = 3;    \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type4;    \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type5;    \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type6;    \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type7;   \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type8;   \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type9

template<typename C1, typename C2, typename C3, typename C4, typename C5,
         typename C6, typename C7, typename C8, typename C9> 
struct TypeList9 
{
    typedef C1 type1;
    typedef C2 type2;
    typedef C3 type3;
    typedef C4 type4;
    typedef C5 type5;
    typedef C6 type6;
    typedef C7 type7;
    typedef C8 type8;
    typedef C9 type9;
};

#define TYPED_TEST_CASE_9(classname, typelist)  \
  typedef typelist::type1 classname##_type1;    \
  typedef typelist::type2 classname##_type2;    \
  typedef typelist::type3 classname##_type3;    \
  typedef typelist::type4 classname##_type4;    \
  typedef typelist::type5 classname##_type5;    \
  typedef typelist::type6 classname##_type6;    \
  typedef typelist::type7 classname##_type7;    \
  typedef typelist::type8 classname##_type8;    \
  typedef typelist::type9 classname##_type9;    \
  static const int classname##_numtypes = 9

#define TYPED_TEST(superclass, testname)                                \
  template<typename TypeParam>                                          \
  class TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname :                        \
      public superclass<TypeParam> {                                    \
   public:                                                              \
    TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname() {                          \
      Run();                                                            \
    }                                                                   \
   private:                                                             \
    void Run();                                                         \
  };                                                                    \
  class TEST_typed_##superclass##_##testname {                          \
   public:                                                              \
    explicit TEST_typed_##superclass##_##testname() {                   \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 1) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".1\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type1> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 2) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".2\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type2> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 3) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".3\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type3> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 4) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".4\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type4> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 5) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".5\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type5> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 6) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".6\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type6> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 7) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".7\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type7> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 8) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".8\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type8> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
      if (superclass##_numtypes >= 9) {                                 \
        ::fputs("Running " #superclass "." #testname ".9\n", stderr);   \
        TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<superclass##_type9> t;   \
      }                                                                 \
    }                                                                   \
  };                                                                    \
  static TEST_typed_##superclass##_##testname                           \
      test_instance_typed_##superclass##_##testname;                    \
  template<class TypeParam>                                             \
  void TEST_onetype_##superclass##_##testname<TypeParam>::Run()

// This is a dummy class just to make converting from internal-google
// to opensourcing easier.
class Test { };

} // namespace testing

} // namespace spp_

namespace testing = SPP_NAMESPACE::testing;

using std::cout;
using std::pair;
using std::set;
using std::string;
using std::vector;

typedef unsigned char uint8;

#ifdef _MSC_VER
// Below, we purposefully test having a very small allocator size.
// This causes some "type conversion too small" errors when using this
// allocator with sparsetable buckets.  We're testing to make sure we
// handle that situation ok, so we don't need the compiler warnings.
#pragma warning(disable:4244)
#define ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
#else
#define ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED __attribute__((unused))
#endif

namespace {

#ifndef _MSC_VER   // windows defines its own version
# ifdef __MINGW32__ // mingw has trouble writing to /tmp
static string TmpFile(const char* basename) {
    return string("./#") + basename;
}
# else
static string TmpFile(const char* basename) {
    string kTmpdir = "/tmp";
    return kTmpdir + "/" + basename;
}
# endif
#endif

// Used as a value in some of the hashtable tests.  It's just some
// arbitrary user-defined type with non-trivial memory management.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
struct ValueType 
{
public:
    ValueType() : s_(kDefault) { }
    ValueType(const char* init_s) : s_(kDefault) { set_s(init_s); }
    ~ValueType() { set_s(NULL); }
    ValueType(const ValueType& that) : s_(kDefault) { operator=(that); }
    void operator=(const ValueType& that) { set_s(that.s_); }
    bool operator==(const ValueType& that) const {
        return strcmp(this->s(), that.s()) == 0;
    }
    void set_s(const char* new_s) {
        if (s_ != kDefault)
            free(const_cast<char*>(s_));
        s_ = (new_s == NULL ? kDefault : reinterpret_cast<char*>(mystrdup(new_s)));
    }
    const char* s() const { return s_; }
private:
    const char* s_;
    static const char* const kDefault;
};

const char* const ValueType::kDefault = "hi";

// This is used by the low-level sparse/dense_hashtable classes,
// which support the most general relationship between keys and
// values: the key is derived from the value through some arbitrary
// function.  (For classes like sparse_hash_map, the 'value' is a
// key/data pair, and the function to derive the key is
// FirstElementOfPair.)  KeyToValue is the inverse of this function,
// so GetKey(KeyToValue(key)) == key.  To keep the tests a bit
// simpler, we've chosen to make the key and value actually be the
// same type, which is why we need only one template argument for the
// types, rather than two (one for the key and one for the value).
template<class KeyAndValueT, class KeyToValue>
struct SetKey 
{
    void operator()(KeyAndValueT* value, const KeyAndValueT& new_key) const 
    {
        *value = KeyToValue()(new_key);
    }
};

// A hash function that keeps track of how often it's called.  We use
// a simple djb-hash so we don't depend on how STL hashes.  We use
// this same method to do the key-comparison, so we can keep track
// of comparison-counts too.
struct Hasher 
{
    explicit Hasher(int i=0) : id_(i), num_hashes_(0), num_compares_(0) { }
    int id() const { return id_; }
    int num_hashes() const { return num_hashes_; }
    int num_compares() const { return num_compares_; }

    size_t operator()(int a) const {
        num_hashes_++;
        return static_cast<size_t>(a);
    }
    size_t operator()(const char* a) const {
        num_hashes_++;
        size_t hash = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; a[i]; i++ )
            hash = 33 * hash + a[i];
        return hash;
    }
    size_t operator()(const string& a) const {
        num_hashes_++;
        size_t hash = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < a.length(); i++ )
            hash = 33 * hash + a[i];
        return hash;
    }
    size_t operator()(const int* a) const {
        num_hashes_++;
        return static_cast<size_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(a));
    }
    bool operator()(int a, int b) const {
        num_compares_++;
        return a == b;
    }
    bool operator()(const string& a, const string& b) const {
        num_compares_++;
        return a == b;
    }
    bool operator()(const char* a, const char* b) const {
        num_compares_++;
        // The 'a == b' test is necessary, in case a and b are both NULL.
        return (a == b || (a && b && strcmp(a, b) == 0));
    }

private:
    mutable int id_;
    mutable int num_hashes_;
    mutable int num_compares_;
};

// Allocator that allows controlling its size in various ways, to test
// allocator overflow.  Because we use this allocator in a vector, we
// need to define != and swap for gcc.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
template<typename T, 
         typename SizeT = size_t, 
         SizeT MAX_SIZE = static_cast<SizeT>(~0)>
struct Alloc 
{
    typedef T value_type;
    typedef SizeT size_type;
    typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
    typedef T* pointer;
    typedef const T* const_pointer;
    typedef T& reference;
    typedef const T& const_reference;

    explicit Alloc(int i=0, int* count=NULL) : id_(i), count_(count) {}
    ~Alloc() {}
    pointer address(reference r) const  { return &r; }
    const_pointer address(const_reference r) const  { return &r; }
    pointer allocate(size_type n, const_pointer = 0) {
        if (count_)  ++(*count_);
        return static_cast<pointer>(malloc(n * sizeof(value_type)));
    }
    void deallocate(pointer p, size_type) {
        free(p);
    }
    pointer reallocate(pointer p, size_type n) {
        if (count_)  ++(*count_);
        return static_cast<pointer>(realloc(p, n * sizeof(value_type)));
    }
    size_type max_size() const  {
        return static_cast<size_type>(MAX_SIZE);
    }
    void construct(pointer p, const value_type& val) {
        new(p) value_type(val);
    }
    void destroy(pointer p) { p->~value_type(); }

    bool is_custom_alloc() const { return true; }

    template <class U>
    Alloc(const Alloc<U, SizeT, MAX_SIZE>& that)
        : id_(that.id_), count_(that.count_) {
    }

    template <class U>
    struct rebind {
        typedef Alloc<U, SizeT, MAX_SIZE> other;
    };

    bool operator==(const Alloc& that) const {
        return this->id_ == that.id_ && this->count_ == that.count_;
    }
    bool operator!=(const Alloc& that) const {
        return !this->operator==(that);
    }

    int id() const { return id_; }

    // I have to make these public so the constructor used for rebinding
    // can see them.  Normally, I'd just make them private and say:
    //   template<typename U, typename U_SizeT, U_SizeT U_MAX_SIZE> friend struct Alloc;
    // but MSVC 7.1 barfs on that.  So public it is.  But no peeking!
public:
	int id_;
	int* count_;
};

// A simple allocator which does not have a default constructor.
// This ensures that the allocator specified for a hashtable is
// properly rebound and copied.
template<class T>
struct AllocWithParam : public std::allocator<T> {
    explicit AllocWithParam(int /*unused*/) {}

    template<class U>
    AllocWithParam(const AllocWithParam<U>& /*unused*/) {}

    template<class U>
    struct rebind {
        typedef AllocWithParam<U> other;
    };
};

// Below are a few fun routines that convert a value into a key, used
// for dense_hashtable and sparse_hashtable.  It's our responsibility
// to make sure, when we insert values into these objects, that the
// values match the keys we insert them under.  To allow us to use
// these routines for SetKey as well, we require all these functions
// be their own inverse: f(f(x)) == x.
template<class Value>
struct Negation {
  typedef Value result_type;
  Value operator()(Value& v) { return -v; }
  const Value operator()(const Value& v) const { return -v; }
};

struct Capital 
{
    typedef string result_type;
    string operator()(string& s) {
        return string(1, s[0] ^ 32) + s.substr(1);
    }
    const string operator()(const string& s) const {
        return string(1, s[0] ^ 32) + s.substr(1);
    }
};

struct Identity
{   // lame, I know, but an important case to test.
    typedef const char* result_type;
    const char* operator()(const char* s) const {
        return s;
    }
};

// This is just to avoid memory leaks -- it's a global pointer to
// all the memory allocated by UniqueObjectHelper.  We'll use it
// to semi-test sparsetable as well. :-)
std::vector<char*> g_unique_charstar_objects(16, (char *)0);

// This is an object-generator: pass in an index, and it will return a
// unique object of type ItemType.  We provide specializations for the
// types we actually support.
template <typename ItemType> ItemType UniqueObjectHelper(int index);
template<> int UniqueObjectHelper(int index) 
{
    return index;
}
template<> string UniqueObjectHelper(int index) 
{
    char buffer[64];
    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", index);
    return buffer;
}
template<> char* UniqueObjectHelper(int index) 
{
    // First grow the table if need be.
    size_t table_size = g_unique_charstar_objects.size();
    while (index >= static_cast<int>(table_size)) {
        assert(table_size * 2 > table_size);  // avoid overflow problems
        table_size *= 2;
    }
    if (table_size > g_unique_charstar_objects.size())
        g_unique_charstar_objects.resize(table_size, (char *)0);
    
    if (!g_unique_charstar_objects[static_cast<size_t>(index)]) {
        char buffer[64];
        snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%d", index);
        g_unique_charstar_objects[static_cast<size_t>(index)] = mystrdup(buffer);
    }
    return g_unique_charstar_objects[static_cast<size_t>(index)];
}
template<> const char* UniqueObjectHelper(int index) {
    return UniqueObjectHelper<char*>(index);
}
template<> ValueType UniqueObjectHelper(int index) {
    return ValueType(UniqueObjectHelper<string>(index).c_str());
}
template<> pair<const int, int> UniqueObjectHelper(int index) {
    return pair<const int,int>(index, index + 1);
}
template<> pair<const string, string> UniqueObjectHelper(int index) 
{
    return pair<const string,string>(
        UniqueObjectHelper<string>(index), UniqueObjectHelper<string>(index + 1));
}
template<> pair<const char* const,ValueType> UniqueObjectHelper(int index) 
{
    return pair<const char* const,ValueType>(
        UniqueObjectHelper<char*>(index), UniqueObjectHelper<ValueType>(index+1));
}

class ValueSerializer 
{
public:
    bool operator()(FILE* fp, const int& value) {
        return fwrite(&value, sizeof(value), 1, fp) == 1;
    }
    bool operator()(FILE* fp, int* value) {
        return fread(value, sizeof(*value), 1, fp) == 1;
    }
    bool operator()(FILE* fp, const string& value) {
        const size_t size = value.size();
        return (*this)(fp, (int)size) && fwrite(value.c_str(), size, 1, fp) == 1;
    }
    bool operator()(FILE* fp, string* value) {
        int size;
        if (!(*this)(fp, &size)) return false;
        char* buf = new char[(size_t)size];
        if (fread(buf, (size_t)size, 1, fp) != 1) {
            delete[] buf;
            return false;
        }
        new (value) string(buf, (size_t)size);
        delete[] buf;
        return true;
    }
    template <typename OUTPUT>
    bool operator()(OUTPUT* fp, const ValueType& v) {
        return (*this)(fp, string(v.s()));
    }
    template <typename INPUT>
    bool operator()(INPUT* fp, ValueType* v) {
        string data;
        if (!(*this)(fp, &data)) return false;
        new(v) ValueType(data.c_str());
        return true;
    }
    template <typename OUTPUT>
    bool operator()(OUTPUT* fp, const char* const& value) {
        // Just store the index.
        return (*this)(fp, atoi(value));
    }
    template <typename INPUT>
    bool operator()(INPUT* fp, const char** value) {
        // Look up via index.
        int index;
        if (!(*this)(fp, &index)) return false;
        *value = UniqueObjectHelper<char*>(index);
        return true;
    }
    template <typename OUTPUT, typename First, typename Second>
    bool operator()(OUTPUT* fp, std::pair<const First, Second>* value) {
        return (*this)(fp, const_cast<First*>(&value->first))
            && (*this)(fp, &value->second);
    }
    template <typename INPUT, typename First, typename Second>
    bool operator()(INPUT* fp, const std::pair<const First, Second>& value) {
        return (*this)(fp, value.first) && (*this)(fp, value.second);
    }
};

template <typename HashtableType>
class HashtableTest : public ::testing::Test 
{
public:
    HashtableTest() : ht_() { }
    // Give syntactically-prettier access to UniqueObjectHelper.
    typename HashtableType::value_type UniqueObject(int index) {
        return UniqueObjectHelper<typename HashtableType::value_type>(index);
    }
    typename HashtableType::key_type UniqueKey(int index) {
        return this->ht_.get_key(this->UniqueObject(index));
    }
protected:
    HashtableType ht_;
};

}

// These are used to specify the empty key and deleted key in some
// contexts.  They can't be in the unnamed namespace, or static,
// because the template code requires external linkage.
extern const string kEmptyString("--empty string--");
extern const string kDeletedString("--deleted string--");
extern const int kEmptyInt = 0;
extern const int kDeletedInt = -1234676543;  // an unlikely-to-pick int
extern const char* const kEmptyCharStar = "--empty char*--";
extern const char* const kDeletedCharStar = "--deleted char*--";

namespace {

#define INT_HASHTABLES                                                  \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<int, int, Hasher, Hasher,            \
                                   Alloc<std::pair<const int, int> > >,  \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<int, Hasher, Hasher,                 \
                                   Alloc<int> >,                        \
  /* This is a table where the key associated with a value is -value */ \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<int, int, Hasher, Negation<int>,   \
                                     SetKey<int, Negation<int> >,       \
                                     Hasher, Alloc<int> >

#define STRING_HASHTABLES                                               \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<string, string, Hasher, Hasher,      \
                                   Alloc<std::pair<const string, string> > >,                     \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<string, Hasher, Hasher,              \
                                   Alloc<string> >,                     \
  /* This is a table where the key associated with a value is Cap(value) */ \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<string, string, Hasher, Capital,   \
                                     SetKey<string, Capital>,           \
                                     Hasher, Alloc<string> >

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// I'd like to use ValueType keys for SparseHashtable<> and
// DenseHashtable<> but I can't due to memory-management woes (nobody
// really owns the char* involved).  So instead I do something simpler.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
#define CHARSTAR_HASHTABLES                                             \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashMap<const char*, ValueType,              \
                                   Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<std::pair<const char* const, ValueType> > >, \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashSet<const char*, Hasher, Hasher,         \
                                   Alloc<const char*> >,                \
  HashtableInterface_SparseHashtable<const char*, const char*,          \
                                     Hasher, Identity,                  \
                                     SetKey<const char*, Identity>,     \
                                     Hasher, Alloc<const char*> >

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// This is the list of types we run each test against.
// We need to define the same class 4 times due to limitations in the
// testing framework.  Basically, we associate each class below with
// the set of types we want to run tests on it with.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
template <typename HashtableType> class HashtableIntTest
    : public HashtableTest<HashtableType> { };

template <typename HashtableType> class HashtableStringTest
    : public HashtableTest<HashtableType> { };

template <typename HashtableType> class HashtableCharStarTest
    : public HashtableTest<HashtableType> { };

template <typename HashtableType> class HashtableAllTest
    : public HashtableTest<HashtableType> { };

typedef testing::TypeList3<INT_HASHTABLES> IntHashtables;
typedef testing::TypeList3<STRING_HASHTABLES> StringHashtables;
typedef testing::TypeList3<CHARSTAR_HASHTABLES> CharStarHashtables;
typedef testing::TypeList9<INT_HASHTABLES, STRING_HASHTABLES,
                           CHARSTAR_HASHTABLES> AllHashtables;

TYPED_TEST_CASE_3(HashtableIntTest, IntHashtables);
TYPED_TEST_CASE_3(HashtableStringTest, StringHashtables);
TYPED_TEST_CASE_3(HashtableCharStarTest, CharStarHashtables);
TYPED_TEST_CASE_9(HashtableAllTest, AllHashtables);

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// First, some testing of the underlying infrastructure.

#if 0

TEST(HashtableCommonTest, HashMunging) 
{
    const Hasher hasher;

    // We don't munge the hash value on non-pointer template types.
    {
        const sparsehash_internal::sh_hashtable_settings<int, Hasher, size_t, 1>
            settings(hasher, 0.0, 0.0);
        const int v = 1000;
        EXPECT_EQ(hasher(v), settings.hash(v));
    }

    {
        // We do munge the hash value on pointer template types.
        const sparsehash_internal::sh_hashtable_settings<int*, Hasher, size_t, 1>
            settings(hasher, 0.0, 0.0);
        int* v = NULL;
        v += 0x10000;    // get a non-trivial pointer value
        EXPECT_NE(hasher(v), settings.hash(v));
    }
    {
        const sparsehash_internal::sh_hashtable_settings<const int*, Hasher,
                                                         size_t, 1>
            settings(hasher, 0.0, 0.0);
        const int* v = NULL;
        v += 0x10000;    // get a non-trivial pointer value
        EXPECT_NE(hasher(v), settings.hash(v));
    }
}

#endif

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// If the first arg to TYPED_TEST is HashtableIntTest, it will run
// this test on all the hashtable types, with key=int and value=int.
// Likewise, HashtableStringTest will have string key/values, and
// HashtableCharStarTest will have char* keys and -- just to mix it up
// a little -- ValueType values.  HashtableAllTest will run all three
// key/value types on all 6 hashtables types, for 9 test-runs total
// per test.
//
// In addition, TYPED_TEST makes available the magic keyword
// TypeParam, which is the type being used for the current test.

// This first set of tests just tests the public API, going through
// the public typedefs and methods in turn.  It goes approximately
// in the definition-order in sparse_hash_map.h.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, Typedefs) 
{
    // Make sure all the standard STL-y typedefs are defined.  The exact
    // key/value types don't matter here, so we only bother testing on
    // the int tables.  This is just a compile-time "test"; nothing here
    // can fail at runtime.
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(-2);  // just so deleted_key succeeds
    typename TypeParam::key_type kt;
    typename TypeParam::value_type vt;
    typename TypeParam::hasher h;
    typename TypeParam::key_equal ke;
    typename TypeParam::allocator_type at;

    typename TypeParam::size_type st;
    typename TypeParam::difference_type dt;
    typename TypeParam::pointer p;
    typename TypeParam::const_pointer cp;
    // I can't declare variables of reference-type, since I have nothing
    // to point them to, so I just make sure that these types exist.
    ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED typedef typename TypeParam::reference r;
    ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED typedef typename TypeParam::const_reference cf;

    typename TypeParam::iterator i;
    typename TypeParam::const_iterator ci;
    typename TypeParam::local_iterator li;
    typename TypeParam::const_local_iterator cli;

    // Now make sure the variables are used, so the compiler doesn't
    // complain.  Where possible, I "use" the variable by calling the
    // method that's supposed to return the unique instance of the
    // relevant type (eg. get_allocator()).  Otherwise, I try to call a
    // different, arbitrary function that returns the type.  Sometimes
    // the type isn't used at all, and there's no good way to use the
    // variable.
    (void)vt;   // value_type may not be copyable.  Easiest not to try.
    h = this->ht_.hash_funct();
    ke = this->ht_.key_eq();
    at = this->ht_.get_allocator();
    st = this->ht_.size();
    (void)dt;
    (void)p;
    (void)cp;
    (void)kt;
    (void)st;
    i = this->ht_.begin();
    ci = this->ht_.begin();
    li = this->ht_.begin(0);
    cli = this->ht_.begin(0);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, NormalIterators) 
{
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.begin() == this->ht_.end());
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    {
        typename TypeParam::iterator it = this->ht_.begin();
        EXPECT_TRUE(it != this->ht_.end());
        ++it;
        EXPECT_TRUE(it == this->ht_.end());
    }
}


#if !defined(SPP_NO_CXX11_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)

template <class T> struct MyHash;
typedef std::pair<std::string, std::string> StringPair;

template<> struct MyHash<StringPair>
{
    size_t operator()(StringPair const& p) const 
    {
        return std::hash<string>()(p.first);
    }
};

class MovableOnlyType 
{
    std::string   _str;
    std::uint64_t _int;

public:
    // Make object movable and non-copyable
    MovableOnlyType(MovableOnlyType &&) = default;
    MovableOnlyType(const MovableOnlyType &) = delete;
    MovableOnlyType& operator=(MovableOnlyType &&) = default;
    MovableOnlyType& operator=(const MovableOnlyType &) = delete;
    MovableOnlyType() : _str("whatever"), _int(2) {}
};

void movable_emplace_test(std::size_t iterations, int container_size) 
{
    for (std::size_t i=0;i<iterations;++i) 
    {
        spp::sparse_hash_map<std::string,MovableOnlyType> m;
        m.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(container_size));
        char buff[20];
        for (int j=0; j<container_size; ++j) 
        {
            sprintf(buff, "%d", j);
            m.emplace(buff, MovableOnlyType());
        }
    }
}

TEST(HashtableTest, Emplace) 
{
    {
        sparse_hash_map<std::string, std::string> mymap;

        mymap.emplace ("NCC-1701", "J.T. Kirk");
        mymap.emplace ("NCC-1701-D", "J.L. Picard");
        mymap.emplace ("NCC-74656", "K. Janeway");
        EXPECT_TRUE(mymap["NCC-74656"] == std::string("K. Janeway"));

        sparse_hash_set<StringPair, MyHash<StringPair> > myset;
        myset.emplace ("NCC-1701", "J.T. Kirk");
    }
    
    movable_emplace_test(10, 50);
}
#endif


#if !defined(SPP_NO_CXX11_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)
TEST(HashtableTest, IncompleteTypes) 
{
    int i;
    sparse_hash_map<int *, int> ht2;
    ht2[&i] = 3;

    struct Bogus;
    sparse_hash_map<Bogus *, int> ht3;
    ht3[(Bogus *)0] = 8;
}
#endif


#if !defined(SPP_NO_CXX11_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)
TEST(HashtableTest, ReferenceWrapper) 
{
    sparse_hash_map<int, std::reference_wrapper<int>> x;
    int a = 5;
    x.insert(std::make_pair(3, std::ref(a)));
    EXPECT_EQ(x.at(3), 5);
}
#endif

#if !defined(SPP_NO_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCES)
class CNonCopyable
{
public:
    CNonCopyable(CNonCopyable const &) = delete;
    const CNonCopyable& operator=(CNonCopyable const &) = delete;
    CNonCopyable() = default;
};


struct Probe : CNonCopyable
{
    Probe() {}
    Probe(Probe &&) {}
    void operator=(Probe &&)	{}

private:
    Probe(const Probe &);
    Probe& operator=(const Probe &);
};

TEST(HashtableTest, NonCopyable) 
{
    typedef spp::sparse_hash_map<uint64_t, Probe> THashMap;
    THashMap probes;
    
    probes.insert(THashMap::value_type(27, Probe()));
    EXPECT_EQ(probes.begin()->first, 27);
}

#endif


TEST(HashtableTest, ModifyViaIterator) 
{
    // This only works for hash-maps, since only they have non-const values.
    {
        sparse_hash_map<int, int> ht;
        ht[1] = 2;
        sparse_hash_map<int, int>::iterator it = ht.find(1);
        EXPECT_TRUE(it != ht.end());
        EXPECT_EQ(1, it->first);
        EXPECT_EQ(2, it->second);
        it->second = 5;
        it = ht.find(1);
        EXPECT_TRUE(it != ht.end());
        EXPECT_EQ(5, it->second);
    }
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ConstIterators)
{
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    typename TypeParam::const_iterator it = this->ht_.begin();
    EXPECT_TRUE(it != (typename TypeParam::const_iterator)this->ht_.end());
    ++it;
    EXPECT_TRUE(it == (typename TypeParam::const_iterator)this->ht_.end());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, LocalIterators) 
{
    // Now, tr1 begin/end (the local iterator that takes a bucket-number).
    // ht::bucket() returns the bucket that this key would be inserted in.
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    const typename TypeParam::size_type bucknum =
        this->ht_.bucket(this->UniqueKey(1));
    typename TypeParam::local_iterator b = this->ht_.begin(bucknum);
    typename TypeParam::local_iterator e = this->ht_.end(bucknum);
    EXPECT_TRUE(b != e);
    b++;
    EXPECT_TRUE(b == e);

    // Check an empty bucket.  We can just xor the bottom bit and be sure
    // of getting a legal bucket, since #buckets is always a power of 2.
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.begin(bucknum ^ 1) == this->ht_.end(bucknum ^ 1));
    // Another test, this time making sure we're using the right types.
    typename TypeParam::local_iterator b2 = this->ht_.begin(bucknum ^ 1);
    typename TypeParam::local_iterator e2 = this->ht_.end(bucknum ^ 1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(b2 == e2);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ConstLocalIterators) 
{
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    const typename TypeParam::size_type bucknum =
        this->ht_.bucket(this->UniqueKey(1));
    typename TypeParam::const_local_iterator b = this->ht_.begin(bucknum);
    typename TypeParam::const_local_iterator e = this->ht_.end(bucknum);
    EXPECT_TRUE(b != e);
    b++;
    EXPECT_TRUE(b == e);
    typename TypeParam::const_local_iterator b2 = this->ht_.begin(bucknum ^ 1);
    typename TypeParam::const_local_iterator e2 = this->ht_.end(bucknum ^ 1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(b2 == e2);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Iterating) 
{
    // Test a bit more iterating than just one ++.
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111111));
    typename TypeParam::iterator it = this->ht_.begin();
    for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {   // start at 1 so i is never 0
        // && here makes it easier to tell what loop iteration the test failed on.
        EXPECT_TRUE(i && (it++ != this->ht_.end()));
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(it == this->ht_.end());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, Constructors) 
{
    // The key/value types don't matter here, so I just test on one set
    // of tables, the ones with int keys, which can easily handle the
    // placement-news we have to do below.
    Hasher hasher(1);   // 1 is a unique id
    int alloc_count = 0;
    Alloc<typename TypeParam::value_type> alloc(2, &alloc_count);

    TypeParam ht_noarg;
    TypeParam ht_onearg(100);
    TypeParam ht_twoarg(100, hasher);
    TypeParam ht_threearg(100, hasher, hasher);  // hasher serves as key_equal too
    TypeParam ht_fourarg(100, hasher, hasher, alloc);

    // The allocator should have been called at most once, for the last ht.
    EXPECT_GE(1, alloc_count);
    int old_alloc_count = alloc_count;

    const typename TypeParam::value_type input[] = {
        this->UniqueObject(1),
        this->UniqueObject(2),
        this->UniqueObject(4),
        this->UniqueObject(8)
    };
    const int num_inputs = sizeof(input) / sizeof(input[0]);
    const typename TypeParam::value_type *begin = &input[0];
    const typename TypeParam::value_type *end = begin + num_inputs;
    TypeParam ht_iter_noarg(begin, end);
    TypeParam ht_iter_onearg(begin, end, 100);
    TypeParam ht_iter_twoarg(begin, end, 100, hasher);
    TypeParam ht_iter_threearg(begin, end, 100, hasher, hasher);
    TypeParam ht_iter_fourarg(begin, end, 100, hasher, hasher, alloc);
    // Now the allocator should have been called more.
    EXPECT_GT(alloc_count, old_alloc_count);
    old_alloc_count = alloc_count;

    // Let's do a lot more inserting and make sure the alloc-count goes up
    for (int i = 2; i < 2000; i++)
        ht_fourarg.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    EXPECT_GT(alloc_count, old_alloc_count);

    EXPECT_LT(ht_noarg.bucket_count(), 100u);
    EXPECT_GE(ht_onearg.bucket_count(), 100u);
    EXPECT_GE(ht_twoarg.bucket_count(), 100u);
    EXPECT_GE(ht_threearg.bucket_count(), 100u);
    EXPECT_GE(ht_fourarg.bucket_count(), 100u);
    EXPECT_GE(ht_iter_onearg.bucket_count(), 100u);

    // When we pass in a hasher -- it can serve both as the hash-function
    // and the key-equal function -- its id should be 1.  Where we don't
    // pass it in and use the default Hasher object, the id should be 0.
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_noarg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_noarg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_onearg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_onearg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_twoarg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_twoarg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_threearg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_threearg.key_eq().id());

    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_noarg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_noarg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_onearg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_onearg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_iter_twoarg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_twoarg.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_iter_threearg.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_iter_threearg.key_eq().id());

    // Likewise for the allocator
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_threearg.get_allocator().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_iter_threearg.get_allocator().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(2, ht_fourarg.get_allocator().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(2, ht_iter_fourarg.get_allocator().id());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, OperatorEquals) 
{
    {
        TypeParam ht1, ht2;
        ht1.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
        ht2.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2));

        ht1.insert(this->UniqueObject(10));
        ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(20));
        EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 == ht2);
        ht1 = ht2;
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);
    }
    {
        TypeParam ht1, ht2;
        ht1.insert(this->UniqueObject(30));
        ht1 = ht2;
        EXPECT_EQ(0u, ht1.size());
    }
    {
        TypeParam ht1, ht2;
        ht1.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
        ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));        // has same key as ht1.delkey
        ht1 = ht2;     // should reset deleted-key to 'unset'
        EXPECT_EQ(1u, ht1.size());
        EXPECT_EQ(1u, ht1.count(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    }
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Clear) 
{
    for (int i = 1; i < 200; i++) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    this->ht_.clear();
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());
    // TODO(csilvers): do we want to enforce that the hashtable has or
    // has not shrunk?  It does for dense_* but not sparse_*.
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ClearNoResize)
{
    if (!this->ht_.supports_clear_no_resize())
        return;
    typename TypeParam::size_type empty_bucket_count = this->ht_.bucket_count();
    int last_element = 1;
    while (this->ht_.bucket_count() == empty_bucket_count) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(last_element));
        ++last_element;
    }
    typename TypeParam::size_type last_bucket_count = this->ht_.bucket_count();
    this->ht_.clear_no_resize();
    EXPECT_EQ(last_bucket_count, this->ht_.bucket_count());
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());

    // When inserting the same number of elements again, no resize
    // should be necessary.
    for (int i = 1; i < last_element; ++i) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(last_element + i));
        EXPECT_EQ(last_bucket_count, this->ht_.bucket_count());
    }
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Swap) 
{
    // Let's make a second hashtable with its own hasher, key_equal, etc.
    Hasher hasher(1);   // 1 is a unique id
    TypeParam other_ht(200, hasher, hasher);

    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    other_ht.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2));

    for (int i = 3; i < 2000; i++) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(1000));
    other_ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(2001));
    typename TypeParam::size_type expected_buckets = other_ht.bucket_count();

    this->ht_.swap(other_ht);

    EXPECT_EQ(1, this->ht_.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, other_ht.hash_funct().id());

    EXPECT_EQ(1, this->ht_.key_eq().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(0, other_ht.key_eq().id());

    EXPECT_EQ(expected_buckets, this->ht_.bucket_count());
    EXPECT_GT(other_ht.bucket_count(), 200u);

    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1996u, other_ht.size());    // because we erased 1000

    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(111)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, other_ht.count(this->UniqueKey(111)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(2001)));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, other_ht.count(this->UniqueKey(2001)));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(1000)));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, other_ht.count(this->UniqueKey(1000)));

    // We purposefully don't swap allocs -- they're not necessarily swappable.

    // Now swap back, using the free-function swap
    // NOTE: MSVC seems to have trouble with this free swap, not quite
    // sure why.  I've given up trying to fix it though.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    other_ht.swap(this->ht_);
#else
    std::swap(this->ht_, other_ht);
#endif

    EXPECT_EQ(0, this->ht_.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1, other_ht.hash_funct().id());
    EXPECT_EQ(1996u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, other_ht.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(111)));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, other_ht.count(this->UniqueKey(111)));

    // A user reported a crash with this code using swap to clear.
    // We've since fixed the bug; this prevents a regression.
    TypeParam swap_to_clear_ht;
    swap_to_clear_ht.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    for (int i = 2; i < 10000; ++i) {
        swap_to_clear_ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    TypeParam empty_ht;
    empty_ht.swap(swap_to_clear_ht);
    swap_to_clear_ht.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    for (int i = 2; i < 10000; ++i) {
        swap_to_clear_ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Size) 
{
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());
    for (int i = 1; i < 1000; i++) {    // go through some resizes
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<typename TypeParam::size_type>(i), this->ht_.size());
    }
    this->ht_.clear();
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());

    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());     // deleted key doesn't count
    for (int i = 2; i < 1000; i++) {    // go through some resizes
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
        this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(i));
        EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());
    }
}

TEST(HashtableTest, MaxSizeAndMaxBucketCount) 
{
    // The max size depends on the allocator.  So we can't use the
    // built-in allocator type; instead, we make our own types.
    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int> > ht_default;
    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, unsigned char> > ht_char;
    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, unsigned char, 104> > ht_104;

    EXPECT_GE(ht_default.max_size(), 256u);
    EXPECT_EQ(255u, ht_char.max_size());
    EXPECT_EQ(104u, ht_104.max_size());

    // In our implementations, MaxBucketCount == MaxSize.
    EXPECT_EQ(ht_default.max_size(), ht_default.max_bucket_count());
    EXPECT_EQ(ht_char.max_size(), ht_char.max_bucket_count());
    EXPECT_EQ(ht_104.max_size(), ht_104.max_bucket_count());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Empty) 
{
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());

    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(this->ht_.empty());

    this->ht_.clear();
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());

    TypeParam empty_ht;
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    this->ht_.swap(empty_ht);
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, BucketCount) 
{
    TypeParam ht(100);
    // constructor arg is number of *items* to be inserted, not the
    // number of buckets, so we expect more buckets.
    EXPECT_GT(ht.bucket_count(), 100u);
    for (int i = 1; i < 200; i++) {
        ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    EXPECT_GT(ht.bucket_count(), 200u);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, BucketAndBucketSize) 
{
    const typename TypeParam::size_type expected_bucknum = this->ht_.bucket(
        this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.bucket_size(expected_bucknum));

    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(expected_bucknum, this->ht_.bucket(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.bucket_size(expected_bucknum));

    // Check that a bucket we didn't insert into, has a 0 size.  Since
    // we have an even number of buckets, bucknum^1 is guaranteed in range.
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.bucket_size(expected_bucknum ^ 1));
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, LoadFactor) 
{
    const typename TypeParam::size_type kSize = 16536;
    // Check growing past various thresholds and then shrinking below
    // them.
    for (float grow_threshold = 0.2f;
         grow_threshold <= 0.8f;
         grow_threshold += 0.2f) 
    {
        TypeParam ht;
        ht.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
        ht.max_load_factor(grow_threshold);
        ht.min_load_factor(0.0);
        EXPECT_EQ(grow_threshold, ht.max_load_factor());
        EXPECT_EQ(0.0, ht.min_load_factor());

        ht.resize(kSize);
        size_t bucket_count = ht.bucket_count();
        // Erase and insert an element to set consider_shrink = true,
        // which should not cause a shrink because the threshold is 0.0.
        ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(2));
        ht.erase(this->UniqueKey(2));
        for (int i = 2;; ++i) 
        {
            ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
            if (static_cast<float>(ht.size())/bucket_count < grow_threshold) {
                EXPECT_EQ(bucket_count, ht.bucket_count());
            } else {
                EXPECT_GT(ht.bucket_count(), bucket_count);
                break;
            }
        }
        // Now set a shrink threshold 1% below the current size and remove
        // items until the size falls below that.
        const float shrink_threshold = static_cast<float>(ht.size()) /
            ht.bucket_count() - 0.01f;

        // This time around, check the old set_resizing_parameters interface.
        ht.set_resizing_parameters(shrink_threshold, 1.0);
        EXPECT_EQ(1.0, ht.max_load_factor());
        EXPECT_EQ(shrink_threshold, ht.min_load_factor());

        bucket_count = ht.bucket_count();
        for (int i = 2;; ++i) 
        {
            ht.erase(this->UniqueKey(i));
            // A resize is only triggered by an insert, so add and remove a
            // value every iteration to trigger the shrink as soon as the
            // threshold is passed.
            ht.erase(this->UniqueKey(i+1));
            ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i+1));
            if (static_cast<float>(ht.size())/bucket_count > shrink_threshold) {
                EXPECT_EQ(bucket_count, ht.bucket_count());
            } else {
                EXPECT_LT(ht.bucket_count(), bucket_count);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ResizeAndRehash) 
{
    // resize() and rehash() are synonyms.  rehash() is the tr1 name.
    TypeParam ht(10000);
    ht.max_load_factor(0.8f);    // for consistency's sake

    for (int i = 1; i < 100; ++i)
        ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    ht.resize(0);
    // Now ht should be as small as possible.
    EXPECT_LT(ht.bucket_count(), 300u);

    ht.rehash(9000);    // use the 'rehash' version of the name.
    // Bucket count should be next power of 2, after considering max_load_factor.
    EXPECT_EQ(16384u, ht.bucket_count());
    for (int i = 101; i < 200; ++i)
        ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    // Adding a few hundred buckets shouldn't have caused a resize yet.
    EXPECT_EQ(ht.bucket_count(), 16384u);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, FindAndCountAndEqualRange) 
{
    pair<typename TypeParam::iterator, typename TypeParam::iterator> eq_pair;
    pair<typename TypeParam::const_iterator,
         typename TypeParam::const_iterator> const_eq_pair;

    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(1)) == this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    eq_pair = this->ht_.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first == eq_pair.second);

    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(this->ht_.empty());
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111111));
    EXPECT_EQ(9u, this->ht_.size());
    typename TypeParam::const_iterator it = this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(it.key(), this->UniqueKey(1));

    // Allow testing the const version of the methods as well.
    const TypeParam ht = this->ht_;

    // Some successful lookups (via find, count, and equal_range).
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(1)) != this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    eq_pair = this->ht_.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first != eq_pair.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(eq_pair.first.key(), this->UniqueKey(1));
    ++eq_pair.first;
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first == eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(ht.find(this->UniqueKey(1)) != ht.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ht.count(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    const_eq_pair = ht.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first != const_eq_pair.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(const_eq_pair.first.key(), this->UniqueKey(1));
    ++const_eq_pair.first;
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first == const_eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(11111)) != this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(11111)));
    eq_pair = this->ht_.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11111));
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first != eq_pair.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(eq_pair.first.key(), this->UniqueKey(11111));
    ++eq_pair.first;
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first == eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(ht.find(this->UniqueKey(11111)) != ht.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ht.count(this->UniqueKey(11111)));
    const_eq_pair = ht.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11111));
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first != const_eq_pair.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(const_eq_pair.first.key(), this->UniqueKey(11111));
    ++const_eq_pair.first;
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first == const_eq_pair.second);

    // Some unsuccessful lookups (via find, count, and equal_range).
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(11112)) == this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(11112)));
    eq_pair = this->ht_.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11112));
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first == eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(ht.find(this->UniqueKey(11112)) == ht.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, ht.count(this->UniqueKey(11112)));
    const_eq_pair = ht.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11112));
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first == const_eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(11110)) == this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(11110)));
    eq_pair = this->ht_.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11110));
    EXPECT_TRUE(eq_pair.first == eq_pair.second);

    EXPECT_TRUE(ht.find(this->UniqueKey(11110)) == ht.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, ht.count(this->UniqueKey(11110)));
    const_eq_pair = ht.equal_range(this->UniqueKey(11110));
    EXPECT_TRUE(const_eq_pair.first == const_eq_pair.second);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, BracketInsert) 
{
    // tests operator[], for those types that support it.
    if (!this->ht_.supports_brackets())
        return;

    // bracket_equal is equivalent to ht_[a] == b.  It should insert a if
    // it doesn't already exist.
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.bracket_equal(this->UniqueKey(1),
                                        this->ht_.default_data()));
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(1)) != this->ht_.end());

    // bracket_assign is equivalent to ht_[a] = b.
    this->ht_.bracket_assign(this->UniqueKey(2),
                             this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(4)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(2)) != this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.bracket_equal(
                    this->UniqueKey(2), this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(4))));

    this->ht_.bracket_assign(
        this->UniqueKey(2), this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(6)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.bracket_equal(
                    this->UniqueKey(2), this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(6))));
    // bracket_equal shouldn't have modified the value.
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.bracket_equal(
                    this->UniqueKey(2), this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(6))));

    // Verify that an operator[] that doesn't cause a resize, also
    // doesn't require an extra rehash.
    TypeParam ht(100);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht.hash_funct().num_hashes());
    ht.bracket_assign(this->UniqueKey(2), ht.get_data(this->UniqueObject(2)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht.hash_funct().num_hashes());

    // And overwriting, likewise, should only cause one extra hash.
    ht.bracket_assign(this->UniqueKey(2), ht.get_data(this->UniqueObject(2)));
    EXPECT_EQ(2, ht.hash_funct().num_hashes());
}


TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, InsertValue) 
{
    // First, try some straightforward insertions.
    EXPECT_TRUE(this->ht_.empty());
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(this->ht_.empty());
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111111));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111111));
    EXPECT_EQ(9u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.count(this->UniqueKey(1111)));

    // Check the return type.
    pair<typename TypeParam::iterator, bool> insert_it;
    insert_it = this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(false, insert_it.second);   // false: already present
    EXPECT_TRUE(*insert_it.first == this->UniqueObject(1));

    insert_it = this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(2));
    EXPECT_EQ(true, insert_it.second);   // true: not already present
    EXPECT_TRUE(*insert_it.first == this->UniqueObject(2));
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, InsertRange) 
{
    // We just test the ints here, to make the placement-new easier.
    TypeParam ht_source;
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(10));
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(100));
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(1000));
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(10000));
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(100000));
    ht_source.insert(this->UniqueObject(1000000));

    const typename TypeParam::value_type input[] = {
        // This is a copy of the first element in ht_source.
        *ht_source.begin(),
        this->UniqueObject(2),
        this->UniqueObject(4),
        this->UniqueObject(8)
    };

    set<typename TypeParam::value_type> set_input;
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111111));
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(111111));
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(11111));
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(1111));
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(111));
    set_input.insert(this->UniqueObject(11));

    // Insert from ht_source, an iterator of the same type as us.
    typename TypeParam::const_iterator begin = ht_source.begin();
    typename TypeParam::const_iterator end = begin;
    std::advance(end, 3);
    this->ht_.insert(begin, end);   // insert 3 elements from ht_source
    EXPECT_EQ(3u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_TRUE(*this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(10) ||
                *this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(100) ||
                *this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(1000) ||
                *this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(10000) ||
                *this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(100000) ||
                *this->ht_.begin() == this->UniqueObject(1000000));

    // And insert from set_input, a separate, non-random-access iterator.
    typename set<typename TypeParam::value_type>::const_iterator set_begin;
    typename set<typename TypeParam::value_type>::const_iterator set_end;
    set_begin = set_input.begin();
    set_end = set_begin;
    std::advance(set_end, 3);
    this->ht_.insert(set_begin, set_end);
    EXPECT_EQ(6u, this->ht_.size());

    // Insert from input as well, a separate, random-access iterator.
    // The first element of input overlaps with an existing element
    // of ht_, so this should only up the size by 2.
    this->ht_.insert(&input[0], &input[3]);
    EXPECT_EQ(8u, this->ht_.size());
}

TEST(HashtableTest, InsertValueToMap) 
{
    // For the maps in particular, ensure that inserting doesn't change
    // the value.
    sparse_hash_map<int, int> shm;
    pair<sparse_hash_map<int,int>::iterator, bool> shm_it;
    shm[1] = 2;   // test a different method of inserting
    shm_it = shm.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 3));
    EXPECT_EQ(false, shm_it.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(1, shm_it.first->first);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, shm_it.first->second);
    shm_it.first->second = 20;
    EXPECT_EQ(20, shm[1]);

    shm_it = shm.insert(pair<int, int>(2, 4));
    EXPECT_EQ(true, shm_it.second);
    EXPECT_EQ(2, shm_it.first->first);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, shm_it.first->second);
    EXPECT_EQ(4, shm[2]);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableStringTest, EmptyKey)
{
    // Only run the string tests, to make it easier to know what the
    // empty key should be.
    if (!this->ht_.supports_empty_key())
        return;
    EXPECT_EQ(kEmptyString, this->ht_.empty_key());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Erase) 
{
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(20)));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(10));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(20));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(20)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(20)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(19)));
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.size());

    typename TypeParam::iterator it = this->ht_.find(this->UniqueKey(10));
    EXPECT_TRUE(it != this->ht_.end());
    this->ht_.erase(it);
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());

    for (int i = 10; i < 100; i++)
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    EXPECT_EQ(90u, this->ht_.size());
    this->ht_.erase(this->ht_.begin(), this->ht_.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, EraseDoesNotResize) 
{
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    for (int i = 10; i < 2000; i++) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    const typename TypeParam::size_type old_count = this->ht_.bucket_count();
    for (int i = 10; i < 1000; i++) {                 // erase half one at a time
        EXPECT_EQ(1u, this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(i)));
    }
    this->ht_.erase(this->ht_.begin(), this->ht_.end());  // and the rest at once
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, this->ht_.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(old_count, this->ht_.bucket_count());
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Equals)
{
    // The real test here is whether two hashtables are equal if they
    // have the same items but in a different order.
    TypeParam ht1;
    TypeParam ht2;

    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 != ht1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 != ht2);
    ht1.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    // Only the contents affect equality, not things like deleted-key.
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 != ht2);
    ht1.resize(2000);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);

    // The choice of allocator/etc doesn't matter either.
    Hasher hasher(1);
    Alloc<typename TypeParam::value_type> alloc(2, NULL);
    TypeParam ht3(5, hasher, hasher, alloc);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht3);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 != ht3);

    ht1.insert(this->UniqueObject(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 != ht2);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht1 == ht2);   // this should hold as well!

    ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);

    for (int i = 3; i <= 2000; i++) {
        ht1.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    for (int i = 2000; i >= 3; i--) {
        ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht1 == ht2);
}

TEST(HashtableTest, IntIO) 
{
    // Since the set case is just a special (easier) case than the map case, I
    // just test on sparse_hash_map.  This handles the easy case where we can
    // use the standard reader and writer.
    sparse_hash_map<int, int> ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(0);
    for (int i = 1; i < 1000; i++) {
        ht_out[i] = i * i;
    }
    ht_out.erase(563);   // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase(22);

    string file(TmpFile("intio"));
    FILE* fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "wb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.write_metadata(fp));
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.write_nopointer_data(fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    sparse_hash_map<int, int> ht_in;
    fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "rb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.read_metadata(fp));
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.read_nopointer_data(fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    EXPECT_EQ(1, ht_in[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ(998001, ht_in[999]);
    EXPECT_EQ(100, ht_in[10]);
    EXPECT_EQ(441, ht_in[21]);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_in[22]);    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_EQ(0, ht_in[563]);
}

TEST(HashtableTest, StringIO) 
{
    // Since the set case is just a special (easier) case than the map case,
    // I just test on sparse_hash_map.  This handles the difficult case where
    // we have to write our own custom reader/writer for the data.
    typedef sparse_hash_map<string, string, Hasher, Hasher> SP;
    SP ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(string(""));

    for (int i = 32; i < 128; i++) {
        // This maps 'a' to 32 a's, 'b' to 33 b's, etc.
        ht_out[string(1, (char)i)] = string((size_t)i, (char)i);
    }
    ht_out.erase("c");   // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase("y");

    string file(TmpFile("stringio"));
    FILE* fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "wb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.write_metadata(fp));

        for (SP::const_iterator it = ht_out.cbegin(); it != ht_out.cend(); ++it) 
        {
            const string::size_type first_size = it->first.length();
            fwrite(&first_size, sizeof(first_size), 1, fp); // ignore endianness issues
            fwrite(it->first.c_str(), first_size, 1, fp);

            const string::size_type second_size = it->second.length();
            fwrite(&second_size, sizeof(second_size), 1, fp);
            fwrite(it->second.c_str(), second_size, 1, fp);
        }
        fclose(fp);
    }

    sparse_hash_map<string, string, Hasher, Hasher> ht_in;
    fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "rb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.read_metadata(fp));
        for (sparse_hash_map<string, string, Hasher, Hasher>::iterator
                 it = ht_in.begin(); it != ht_in.end(); ++it) {
            string::size_type first_size;
            EXPECT_EQ(1u, fread(&first_size, sizeof(first_size), 1, fp));
            char* first = new char[first_size];
            EXPECT_EQ(1u, fread(first, first_size, 1, fp));

            string::size_type second_size;
            EXPECT_EQ(1u, fread(&second_size, sizeof(second_size), 1, fp));
            char* second = new char[second_size];
            EXPECT_EQ(1u, fread(second, second_size, 1, fp));

            // it points to garbage, so we have to use placement-new to initialize.
            // We also have to use const-cast since it->first is const.
            new(const_cast<string*>(&it->first)) string(first, first_size);
            new(&it->second) string(second, second_size);
            delete[] first;
            delete[] second;
        }
        fclose(fp);
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(string("                                "), ht_in[" "]);
    EXPECT_EQ(string("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"), ht_in["+"]);
    EXPECT_EQ(string(""), ht_in["c"]);    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_EQ(string(""), ht_in["y"]);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, Serialization) 
{
    if (!this->ht_.supports_serialization()) return;
    TypeParam ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2000));
    for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) {
        ht_out.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(56));
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(22));

    string file(TmpFile("serialization"));
    FILE* fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "wb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.serialize(ValueSerializer(), fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    TypeParam ht_in;
    fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "rb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.unserialize(ValueSerializer(), fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(1), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(99), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(99)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(100)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(21), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(21)));
    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(22)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(56)));
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, NopointerSerialization) 
{
    if (!this->ht_.supports_serialization()) return;
    TypeParam ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2000));
    for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) {
        ht_out.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(56));
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(22));

    string file(TmpFile("nopointer_serialization"));
    FILE* fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "wb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.serialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(), fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    TypeParam ht_in;
    fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "rb");
    if (fp)
    {
        EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.unserialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(), fp));
        fclose(fp);
    }

    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(1), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(99), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(99)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(100)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(21), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(21)));
    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(22)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(56)));
}

// We don't support serializing to a string by default, but you can do
// it by writing your own custom input/output class.
class StringIO {
 public:
  explicit StringIO(string* s) : s_(s) {}
  size_t Write(const void* buf, size_t len) {
    s_->append(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buf), len);
    return len;
  }
  size_t Read(void* buf, size_t len) {
    if (s_->length() < len)
      len = s_->length();
    memcpy(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf), s_->data(), len);
    s_->erase(0, len);
    return len;
  }
 private:
  StringIO& operator=(const StringIO&);
  string* const s_;
};

TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, SerializingToString) 
{
    if (!this->ht_.supports_serialization()) return;
    TypeParam ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2000));
    for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) {
        ht_out.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(56));
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(22));

    string stringbuf;
    StringIO stringio(&stringbuf);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.serialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(),
                                 &stringio));

    TypeParam ht_in;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.unserialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(),
                                  &stringio));

    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(1), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(99), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(99)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(100)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(21), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(21)));
    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(22)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(56)));
}

// An easier way to do the above would be to use the existing stream methods.
TYPED_TEST(HashtableIntTest, SerializingToStringStream) 
{
    if (!this->ht_.supports_serialization()) return;
    TypeParam ht_out;
    ht_out.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(2000));
    for (int i = 1; i < 100; i++) {
        ht_out.insert(this->UniqueObject(i));
    }
    // just to test having some erased keys when we write.
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(56));
    ht_out.erase(this->UniqueKey(22));

    std::stringstream string_buffer;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.serialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(),
                                 &string_buffer));

    TypeParam ht_in;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ht_in.unserialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(),
                                  &string_buffer));

    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(1), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(1)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(99), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(99)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(100)));
    EXPECT_EQ(this->UniqueObject(21), *ht_in.find(this->UniqueKey(21)));
    // should not have been saved
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(22)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(ht_in.count(this->UniqueKey(56)));
}

// Verify that the metadata serialization is endianness and word size
// agnostic.
TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, MetadataSerializationAndEndianness) 
{
    TypeParam ht_out;
    string kExpectedDense("\x13W\x86""B\0\0\0\0\0\0\0 \0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 
                          24);

    // GP change - switched size from 20 to formula, because the sparsegroup bitmap is 4 or 8 bytes and not 6
    string kExpectedSparse("$hu1\0\0\0 \0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0", 12 + sizeof(group_bm_type));

    if (ht_out.supports_readwrite()) {
        size_t num_bytes = 0;
        string file(TmpFile("metadata_serialization"));
        FILE* fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "wb");
        if (fp)
        {
            EXPECT_TRUE(fp != NULL);

            EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.write_metadata(fp));
            EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.write_nopointer_data(fp));

            num_bytes = (const size_t)ftell(fp);
            fclose(fp);
        }
        
        char contents[24] = {0};
        fp = fopen(file.c_str(), "rb");
        if (fp)
        {
            EXPECT_LE(num_bytes, static_cast<size_t>(24));
            EXPECT_EQ(num_bytes, fread(contents, 1, num_bytes <= 24 ? num_bytes : 24, fp));
            EXPECT_EQ(EOF, fgetc(fp));       // check we're *exactly* the right size
            fclose(fp);
        }
        // TODO(csilvers): check type of ht_out instead of looking at the 1st byte.
        if (contents[0] == kExpectedDense[0]) {
            EXPECT_EQ(kExpectedDense, string(contents, num_bytes));
        } else {
            EXPECT_EQ(kExpectedSparse, string(contents, num_bytes));
        }
    }

    // Do it again with new-style serialization.  Here we can use StringIO.
    if (ht_out.supports_serialization()) {
        string stringbuf;
        StringIO stringio(&stringbuf);
        EXPECT_TRUE(ht_out.serialize(typename TypeParam::NopointerSerializer(),
                                     &stringio));
        if (stringbuf[0] == kExpectedDense[0]) {
            EXPECT_EQ(kExpectedDense, stringbuf);
        } else {
            EXPECT_EQ(kExpectedSparse, stringbuf);
        }
    }
}


// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The above tests test the general API for correctness.  These tests
// test a few corner cases that have tripped us up in the past, and
// more general, cross-API issues like memory management.

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, BracketOperatorCrashing) 
{
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    for (int iters = 0; iters < 10; iters++) {
        // We start at 33 because after shrinking, we'll be at 32 buckets.
        for (int i = 33; i < 133; i++) {
            this->ht_.bracket_assign(this->UniqueKey(i),
                                     this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(i)));
        }
        this->ht_.clear_no_resize();
        // This will force a shrink on the next insert, which we want to test.
        this->ht_.bracket_assign(this->UniqueKey(2),
                                 this->ht_.get_data(this->UniqueObject(2)));
        this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(2));
    }
}

// For data types with trivial copy-constructors and destructors, we
// should use an optimized routine for data-copying, that involves
// memmove.  We test this by keeping count of how many times the
// copy-constructor is called; it should be much less with the
// optimized code.
struct Memmove 
{
public:
    Memmove(): i(0) {}
    explicit Memmove(int ival): i(ival) {}
    Memmove(const Memmove& that) { this->i = that.i; num_copies++; }
    int i;
    static int num_copies;
};
int Memmove::num_copies = 0;

struct NoMemmove 
{
public:
    NoMemmove(): i(0) {}
    explicit NoMemmove(int ival): i(ival) {}
    NoMemmove(const NoMemmove& that) { this->i = that.i; num_copies++; }
    int i;
    static int num_copies;
};
int NoMemmove::num_copies = 0;

} // unnamed namespace

#if 0
// This is what tells the hashtable code it can use memmove for this class:
namespace google {

template<> struct has_trivial_copy<Memmove> : true_type { };
template<> struct has_trivial_destructor<Memmove> : true_type { };

};
#endif

namespace 
{

TEST(HashtableTest, SimpleDataTypeOptimizations) 
{
    // Only sparsehashtable optimizes moves in this way.
    sparse_hash_map<int, Memmove, Hasher, Hasher> memmove;
    sparse_hash_map<int, NoMemmove, Hasher, Hasher> nomemmove;
    sparse_hash_map<int, Memmove, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<std::pair<const int, Memmove> > >
        memmove_nonstandard_alloc;

    Memmove::num_copies = 0;
    for (int i = 10000; i > 0; i--) {
        memmove[i] = Memmove(i);
    }
    // GP change - const int memmove_copies = Memmove::num_copies;

    NoMemmove::num_copies = 0;
    for (int i = 10000; i > 0; i--) {
        nomemmove[i] = NoMemmove(i);
    }
    // GP change - const int nomemmove_copies = NoMemmove::num_copies;

    Memmove::num_copies = 0;
    for (int i = 10000; i > 0; i--) {
        memmove_nonstandard_alloc[i] = Memmove(i);
    }
    // GP change - const int memmove_nonstandard_alloc_copies = Memmove::num_copies;

    // GP change - commented out following two lines
    //EXPECT_GT(nomemmove_copies, memmove_copies);
    //EXPECT_EQ(nomemmove_copies, memmove_nonstandard_alloc_copies);
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ResizeHysteresis) 
{
    // We want to make sure that when we create a hashtable, and then
    // add and delete one element, the size of the hashtable doesn't
    // change.
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    typename TypeParam::size_type old_bucket_count = this->ht_.bucket_count();
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(4));
    this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(4));
    this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(4));
    this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(4));
    EXPECT_EQ(old_bucket_count, this->ht_.bucket_count());

    // Try it again, but with a hashtable that starts very small
    TypeParam ht(2);
    EXPECT_LT(ht.bucket_count(), 32u);   // verify we really do start small
    ht.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(1));
    old_bucket_count = ht.bucket_count();
    ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(4));
    ht.erase(this->UniqueKey(4));
    ht.insert(this->UniqueObject(4));
    ht.erase(this->UniqueKey(4));
    EXPECT_EQ(old_bucket_count, ht.bucket_count());
}

TEST(HashtableTest, ConstKey) 
{
    // Sometimes people write hash_map<const int, int>, even though the
    // const isn't necessary.  Make sure we handle this cleanly.
    sparse_hash_map<const int, int, Hasher, Hasher> shm;
    shm.set_deleted_key(1);
    shm[10] = 20;
}

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ResizeActuallyResizes) 
{
    // This tests for a problem we had where we could repeatedly "resize"
    // a hashtable to the same size it was before, on every insert.
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
    const typename TypeParam::size_type kSize = 1<<10;   // Pick any power of 2
    const float kResize = 0.8f;    // anything between 0.5 and 1 is fine.
    const int kThreshold = static_cast<int>(kSize * kResize - 1);
    this->ht_.set_resizing_parameters(0, kResize);
    this->ht_.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(kThreshold + 100));

    // Get right up to the resizing threshold.
    for (int i = 0; i <= kThreshold; i++) {
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(i+1));
    }
    // The bucket count should equal kSize.
    EXPECT_EQ(kSize, this->ht_.bucket_count());

    // Now start doing erase+insert pairs.  This should cause us to
    // copy the hashtable at most once.
    const int pre_copies = this->ht_.num_table_copies();
    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(kSize); i++) {
        this->ht_.erase(this->UniqueKey(kThreshold));
        this->ht_.insert(this->UniqueObject(kThreshold));
    }
    EXPECT_LT(this->ht_.num_table_copies(), pre_copies + 2);

    // Now create a hashtable where we go right to the threshold, then
    // delete everything and do one insert.  Even though our hashtable
    // is now tiny, we should still have at least kSize buckets, because
    // our shrink threshhold is 0.
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------
    TypeParam ht2;
    ht2.set_deleted_key(this->UniqueKey(kThreshold + 100));
    ht2.set_resizing_parameters(0, kResize);
    EXPECT_LT(ht2.bucket_count(), kSize);
    for (int i = 0; i <= kThreshold; i++) {
        ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(i+1));
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(ht2.bucket_count(), kSize);
    for (int i = 0; i <= kThreshold; i++) {
        ht2.erase(this->UniqueKey(i+1));
        EXPECT_EQ(ht2.bucket_count(), kSize);
    }
    ht2.insert(this->UniqueObject(kThreshold+2));
    EXPECT_GE(ht2.bucket_count(), kSize);
}

TEST(HashtableTest, CXX11) 
{
#if !defined(SPP_NO_CXX11_HDR_INITIALIZER_LIST)
    {
        // Initializer lists
        // -----------------
        typedef sparse_hash_map<int, int> Smap;

        Smap smap({ {1, 1}, {2, 2} });
        EXPECT_EQ(smap.size(), 2);

        smap = { {1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 4} };
        EXPECT_EQ(smap.size(), 3);

        smap.insert({{5, 1}, {6, 1}});
        EXPECT_EQ(smap.size(), 5);
        EXPECT_EQ(smap[6], 1);
        EXPECT_EQ(smap.at(6), 1);
        try
        {
            EXPECT_EQ(smap.at(999), 1);
        }
        catch (...)
        {};

        sparse_hash_set<int> sset({ 1, 3, 4, 5 });
        EXPECT_EQ(sset.size(), 4);
    }
#endif
}

TEST(HashtableTest, AllocWithParam)
{
    typedef AllocWithParam<pair<const int, int>> AllocType;
    AllocType my_alloc(3);
    sparse_hash_map<int, int, Hasher, Hasher, AllocType> map(my_alloc);
}


TEST(HashtableTest, NestedHashtables) 
{
    // People can do better than to have a hash_map of hash_maps, but we
    // should still support it.  I try a few different mappings.
    sparse_hash_map<string, sparse_hash_map<int, string>, Hasher, Hasher> ht1;

    ht1["hi"];   // create a sub-ht with the default values
    ht1["lo"][1] = "there";
    sparse_hash_map<string, sparse_hash_map<int, string>, Hasher, Hasher>
        ht1copy = ht1;
}

TEST(HashtableDeathTest, ResizeOverflow) 
{
    sparse_hash_map<int, int> ht2;
    EXPECT_DEATH(ht2.resize(static_cast<size_t>(-1)), "overflows size_type");
}

TEST(HashtableDeathTest, InsertSizeTypeOverflow) 
{
    static const int kMax = 256;
    vector<int> test_data(kMax);
    for (int i = 0; i < kMax; ++i) {
        test_data[(size_t)i] = i+1000;
    }

    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, uint8, 10> > shs;

    // Test we are using the correct allocator
    EXPECT_TRUE(shs.get_allocator().is_custom_alloc());

    // Test size_type overflow in insert(it, it)
    EXPECT_DEATH(shs.insert(test_data.begin(), test_data.end()), "overflows size_type");
}

TEST(HashtableDeathTest, InsertMaxSizeOverflow) 
{
    static const int kMax = 256;
    vector<int> test_data(kMax);
    for (int i = 0; i < kMax; ++i) {
        test_data[(size_t)i] = i+1000;
    }

    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, uint8, 10> > shs;

    // Test max_size overflow
    EXPECT_DEATH(shs.insert(test_data.begin(), test_data.begin() + 11), "exceed max_size");
}

TEST(HashtableDeathTest, ResizeSizeTypeOverflow) 
{
    // Test min-buckets overflow, when we want to resize too close to size_type
    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, uint8, 10> > shs;

    EXPECT_DEATH(shs.resize(250), "overflows size_type");
}

TEST(HashtableDeathTest, ResizeDeltaOverflow) 
{
    static const int kMax = 256;
    vector<int> test_data(kMax);
    for (int i = 0; i < kMax; ++i) {
        test_data[(size_t)i] = i+1000;
    }

    sparse_hash_set<int, Hasher, Hasher, Alloc<int, uint8, 255> > shs;

    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
        shs.insert(i);
    }
    EXPECT_DEATH(shs.insert(test_data.begin(), test_data.begin() + 250),
                 "overflows size_type");
}

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// This informational "test" comes last so it's easy to see.
// Also, benchmarks.

TYPED_TEST(HashtableAllTest, ClassSizes) 
{
    std::cout << "sizeof(" << typeid(TypeParam).name() << "): "
              << sizeof(this->ht_) << "\n";
}

}  // unnamed namespace

int main(int, char **) 
{
    // All the work is done in the static constructors.  If they don't
    // die, the tests have all passed.
    cout << "PASS\n";
    return 0;
}
