# Quick Start

### Introduction

This is an R-package to assess qualitative individual differences using Bayesian model comparison and estimation.

`quid` uses Bayesian mixed models to estimate individual effect sizes and to test theoretical order constraints in repeated measures designs. It offers a method for testing the direction of individual effects. Typical questions that can be answered with this package are of the sort: “Does everyone show an effect in the same direction?” and “are there qualitative individual differences?”.

This is a quick start guide. For an extensive description of the package and the statistical models used see the main manual.

### Loading the Package

At this point the `quid` package can only be installed from github. For this you need to install the `devtools` package and then run the `install_github` function. You can include the argument `build_vignettes = TRUE` to also install this manual. This might take slightly longer to install. Lastly, you have to load the package via `library`:

    devtools::install_github("lukasklima/quid", build_vignettes = TRUE)

    library(quid)

### Overview of Functions

Function | Description
--- | ---
`constraintBF` | Main function to calculate Bayes factors for constraints
`calculateDifferences` | Calculate differences between conditions specified in constraints
`plotEffects` | Plot a BFBayesFactorConstraint object

### Impute Constraints

To impute constraints, use the `whichConstraint` argument of the `constraintBF` function. `whichConstraint` takes a named vector, where the names are the name of the effect factor and the values are the constraints on effect levels. For instance, say you have a column that holds the condition (`condition`) with levels `treatment` and `control`. You want to check if the outcome variable (`outcome`) is bigger in the treatment condition, so your input should look like this:

    whichConstraint = c("condition" = "treatment > control")

If you have a third (or more) level(s), say a low dose treatment (`low_dose`) and you want to test whether the effect in the treatment condition is bigger than in the low dose condition and the effect in the low dose condition is bigger than in the control condition your input should look like this:

    whichConstraint = c("condition" = "treatment > low_dose", "condition" = "low_dose > control")

### Example Stroop Task

In this example we use the `stroop` data set, which is part of `quid`. See `?stroop` for details. We want to test whether the response time in seconds (`rtS`) is bigger in the incongruent (`2`) condition than in the congruent (`1`) condition.

#### Setting up the Analysis

We use a formula to express the model. The outcome variable `rtS` is modelled as a function of the main effect of `ID` (person variable), the main effect of `cond` (condition variable) and their interaction (`ID:cond`). In short, this can be expressed as `ID*cond`.

The `whichRandom` argument specifies that `ID` is a random factor. The `ID` argument specifies that the participants’ IDs are stored in the variable `"ID"`. The `rscaleEffects` argument is used to specify priors for the fixed, random and interaction effect.

    data(stroop)

    resStroop <- constraintBF(formula = rtS ~ ID*cond,
                              data = stroop,
                              whichRandom = "ID",
                              ID = "ID",
                              whichConstraint = c("cond" = "2 > 1"),
                              rscaleEffects = c("ID" = 1, "cond" = 1/6, "ID:cond" = 1/10))

#### Interpreting the Output

Printing the `resStroop` object produces the following output:

    resStroop
    #>
    #> Constraints analysis
    #> --------------
    #> Bayes factor          : 12.46582
    #> Posterior probability : 0.6584444
    #> Prior probability     : 0.05282
    #>
    #> Constraints defined:
    #>  cond : 1 < 2
    #>
    #> =========================
    #>
    #> Bayes factor analysis
    #> --------------
    #> [1] ID                  : 3.945904e+428 ±0%
    #> [2] cond                : 9.175351e+50  ±0%
    #> [3] ID + cond           : 4.491989e+490 ±0.89%
    #> [4] ID + cond + ID:cond : 1.341518e+491 ±1.57%
    #>
    #> Against denominator:
    #>   Intercept only
    #> ---
    #> Bayes factor type: BFlinearModel, JZS

Under “Constraints analysis” you see the Bayes factor in favour of your defined constraints, where the full model `[4]` (under Bayes factor analysis) is in the denominator. So, the Bayes factor of the constraints analysis is the Bayes factor between the constrained model and model `[4]`. Furthermore, you can see the posterior and prior probabilities of the constraints given the unconstrained model. You can think of the prior probability as the probability of the constraints holding before seeing the data, and the posterior probability as the probability of the constraints holding after seeing the data. We see that the constrained model is the preferred model.

Under “Bayes factor analysis” you can see the output from the `generalTestBF` function from the `BayesFactor` package. See the BayesFactor vignettes for details on how to manipulate Bayes factor objects. Model number three `[3]` with only main effects is the common effect model. Model number four `[4]` with the interaction term `ID:cond` allows for random slopes. The random effects model is the preferred model which suggests that the equality constraint does not hold. You can get a direct comparison between the two by manipulating the `generalTestObj` slot of the `resStroop` object:

    bfs <- resStroop@generalTestObj
    bfs[4] / bfs[3]
    #> Bayes factor analysis
    #> --------------
    #> [1] ID + cond + ID:cond : 2.986467 ±1.81%
    #>
    #> Against denominator:
    #>   rtS ~ ID + cond
    #> ---
    #> Bayes factor type: BFlinearModel, JZS

To get a comparison between the prefered model and all other models:

    bfs / max(bfs)
    #> Bayes factor analysis
    #> --------------
    #> [1] ID                  : 2.941373e-63  ±1.57%
    #> [2] cond                : 6.839531e-441 ±1.57%
    #> [3] ID + cond           : 0.3348438     ±1.81%
    #> [4] ID + cond + ID:cond : 1             ±0%
    #>
    #> Against denominator:
    #>   rtS ~ ID + cond + ID:cond
    #> ---
    #> Bayes factor type: BFlinearModel, JZS

#### Plotting Individual Effects

You can produce a plot of the individual effects; both the observed effects and the model estimates. The individual effects are the differences between the levels you specified in your constraints. In the plot below, we see the individual differences in response times between `cond = 2` and `cond = 1`.

    plotEffects(resStroop)

We can see that the observed effects shows individuals with a negative effect. However, the model estimates are shrunk towards the grand mean and no individual has an estimated true negative effect.

If you want to manipulate the plot, you can do so by adding `ggplot2` layers to it, or start from scratch by setting the `.raw` argument to `TRUE` to get the `data.frame` used to produce the plot.

    plotEffects(resStroop, .raw = TRUE)

### Example ld5

We conclude this quick start guide by showing how to impute more than one constraint and how the output looks like. For this, we use the `ld5` data set, which is part of `quid`. See `?ld5` for details.

The plotting function produces a comparison of observed effects versus the model estimates for each difference defined in your constraints. On the right side of the plot you see the labels of the differences.

    data(ld5)

    resLD5 <- constraintBF(formula = rt ~ sub * distance + side,
                           data = ld5,
                           whichRandom = c("sub"),
                           ID = "sub",
                           whichConstraint = c("distance" = "1 > 2", "distance" = "2 > 3"),
                           rscaleEffects = c("sub" = 1,
                                             "side" = 1/6,
                                             "distance" = 1/6,
                                             "sub:distance" = 1/10))

    plotEffects(resLD5)