Author: Tiago Olivoto
Date: 2026-04-02

# Multi-environment Trial Analysis

#### Tiago Olivoto

#### 2026-04-02

`metan` provides tools for computing several world-known stability statistics. The following stability methods are implemented.

- Parametric methods
  - AMMI analysis with `performs_ammi()`.
  - AMMI-based stability statistics with `ammi_indexes()`.
  - BLUP prediction for multi-environment trials with `waasb()`.
  - BLUP-based stability indexes with `blup_indexes()`.
  - Ecovalence (Wricke 1965) using `ecovalence()`.
  - GGE biplot analysis with `gge()`.
  - Genotypic confidence index (Annicchiarico 1992) using `Annicchiarico()`.
  - Geometric adaptability index (Mohammadi and Amri 2008) with `gai()`.
  - Joint regression analysis (Eberhart and Russell 1966) using `ge_reg()`.
  - Modified genotypic confidence index (Schmildt et al. 2011) using `Schmildt()`.
  - Power law residuals (POLAR) statistics (Döring et al. 2015) using `ge_polar()`.
  - Stability analysis and environmental stratification (Murakami and Cruz 2004) using `ge_factanal()`.
  - Shukla’s stability variance (Shukla 1972) using `Shukla()`.
  - Scale-adjusted coefficient of variation (Döring and Reckling 2018) using `ge_acv()`.
  - Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (Olivoto, Lúcio, Da silva, Marchioro, et al. 2019) using `waas()` (fixed-effect model) and `waasb()` (mixed-effect model).
- Non-parametric methods
  - Superiority index (Lin and Binns 1988), using the function `superiority()`.
  - Fox’s stability statistic (Fox et al. 1990) with `Fox()`.
  - Huehn’s stability statistic (Huehn 1979) with `Huehn()`.
  - Thennarasu’s stability statistics (Thennarasu 1995) with `Thennarasu()`.

The easiest way to compute the above-mentioned stability indexes is by using the function `ge_stats()`. This is a wrapper that basically returns a summary of each method. If you are looking for more details from each method like `plot()` and `print()`, I’d suggest computing the methods using their own function.

The complete functionality of the package is described at https://tiagoolivoto.github.io/metan/index.html. You’re welcome to check it out!

# Brief examples

Brief examples will be shown using the dataset `data_ge` that contains data on two variables assessed in 10 genotypes growing in 14 environments.

# Checking data

First of all, we will check the data for possible problems with the function `inspect()`.

    library(metan)
    inspect(data_ge)
    # # A tibble: 5 × 10
    #   Variable Class   Missing Levels Valid_n   Min Median   Max Outlier Text
    #   <chr>    <chr>   <chr>   <chr>    <int> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl>   <dbl> <lgl>
    # 1 ENV      factor  No      14         420 NA     NA    NA         NA NA
    # 2 GEN      factor  No      10         420 NA     NA    NA         NA NA
    # 3 REP      factor  No      3          420 NA     NA    NA         NA NA
    # 4 GY       numeric No      -          420  0.67   2.61  5.09       0 NA
    # 5 HM       numeric No      -          420 38     48    58          0 NA

Then, the details of the multi-environment trial can be obtained with the function `ge_details()`. Note that to apply the function to all numeric variables quickly, we can use the select helper `everything()` in the argument `resp`.

    ge_details(data_ge,
               env = ENV,
               gen = GEN,
               resp = everything())
    # Warning: There was 1 warning in `summarise()`.
    # ℹ In argument: `across(where(is.numeric), mean, na.rm = na.rm)`.
    # ℹ In group 1: `ENV = E1`.
    # Caused by warning:
    # ! The `...` argument of `across()` is deprecated as of dplyr 1.1.0.
    # Supply arguments directly to `.fns` through an anonymous function instead.
    #
    #   # Previously
    #   across(a:b, mean, na.rm = TRUE)
    #
    #   # Now
    #   across(a:b, \(x) mean(x, na.rm = TRUE))
    # ℹ The deprecated feature was likely used in the metan package.
    #   Please report the issue at <https://github.com/nepem-ufsc/metan/issues>.
    # # A tibble: 10 × 3
    #    Parameters GY                  HM
    #    <chr>      <chr>               <chr>
    #  1 Mean       "2.67"              "48.09"
    #  2 SE         "0.05"              "0.21"
    #  3 SD         "0.92"              "4.37"
    #  4 CV         "34.56"             "9.09"
    #  5 Min        "0.67 (G10 in E11)" "38 (G2 in E14)"
    #  6 Max        "5.09 (G8 in E5)"   "58 (G8 in E11)"
    #  7 MinENV     "E11 (1.37)"        "E14 (41.03)"
    #  8 MaxENV     "E3 (4.06)"         "E11 (54.2)"
    #  9 MinGEN     "G10 (2.47) "       "G2 (46.66) "
    # 10 MaxGEN     "G8 (3) "           "G5 (49.3) "

We can create a plot to show the performance of the genotypes across the environments with `ge_plot()`.

    ge_plot(data_ge, GEN, ENV, GY)
    # Warning: The `size` argument of `element_rect()` is deprecated as of ggplot2 3.4.0.
    # ℹ Please use the `linewidth` argument instead.
    # ℹ The deprecated feature was likely used in the metan package.
    #   Please report the issue at <https://github.com/nepem-ufsc/metan/issues>.
    # This warning is displayed once per session.
    # Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
    # generated.

Or obtain the means for genotypes, environments or genotype-environment interaction with `ge_means()`. Note that the function `round_cols()` provided by `metan` round all numeric columns of a data frame to two (default) significant figures.

    mge <- ge_means(data_ge,
                    env = ENV,
                    gen = GEN,
                    resp = everything())
    # Genotype-environment means
    get_model_data(mge) %>% round_cols()
    # Class of the model: ge_means
    # Variable extracted: ge_means
    # # A tibble: 140 × 4
    #    ENV   GEN      GY    HM
    #    <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 E1    G1     2.37  46.5
    #  2 E1    G10    1.97  46.9
    #  3 E1    G2     2.9   45.3
    #  4 E1    G3     2.89  45.9
    #  5 E1    G4     2.59  48.3
    #  6 E1    G5     2.19  49.9
    #  7 E1    G6     2.3   48.2
    #  8 E1    G7     2.77  47.4
    #  9 E1    G8     2.9   48.0
    # 10 E1    G9     2.33  47.7
    # # ℹ 130 more rows
    # Environment means
    get_model_data(mge, what = "env_means") %>% round_cols()
    # Class of the model: ge_means
    # Variable extracted: env_means
    # # A tibble: 14 × 3
    #    ENV      GY    HM
    #    <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 E1     2.52  47.4
    #  2 E10    2.18  44.3
    #  3 E11    1.37  54.2
    #  4 E12    1.61  49.6
    #  5 E13    2.91  46.6
    #  6 E14    1.78  41.0
    #  7 E2     3.18  44.1
    #  8 E3     4.06  52.9
    #  9 E4     3.68  50
    # 10 E5     3.91  52.2
    # 11 E6     2.66  45.9
    # 12 E7     1.99  48.5
    # 13 E8     2.54  45.2
    # 14 E9     3.06  51.3
    # Genotype means
    get_model_data(mge, what = "gen_means") %>% round_cols()
    # Class of the model: ge_means
    # Variable extracted: gen_means
    # # A tibble: 10 × 3
    #    GEN      GY    HM
    #    <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 G1     2.6   47.1
    #  2 G10    2.47  48.5
    #  3 G2     2.74  46.7
    #  4 G3     2.96  47.6
    #  5 G4     2.64  48.0
    #  6 G5     2.54  49.3
    #  7 G6     2.53  48.7
    #  8 G7     2.74  48.0
    #  9 G8     3     49.1
    # 10 G9     2.51  47.9

# AMMI model

## Fitting the model

The AMMI model may be fitted with with both functions `performs_ammi()` and `waas()`, which is the acronym for the weighted average of absolute scores (Olivoto, Lúcio, Da silva, Marchioro, et al. 2019).

    ammi_model <- performs_ammi(data_ge, ENV, GEN, REP, resp = c(GY, HM))
    # variable GY
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # AMMI analysis table
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #     Source  Df  Sum Sq Mean Sq F value   Pr(>F) Proportion Accumulated
    #        ENV  13 279.574 21.5057   62.33 0.00e+00         NA          NA
    #   REP(ENV)  28   9.662  0.3451    3.57 3.59e-08         NA          NA
    #        GEN   9  12.995  1.4439   14.93 2.19e-19         NA          NA
    #    GEN:ENV 117  31.220  0.2668    2.76 1.01e-11         NA          NA
    #        PC1  21  10.749  0.5119    5.29 0.00e+00       34.4        34.4
    #        PC2  19   9.924  0.5223    5.40 0.00e+00       31.8        66.2
    #        PC3  17   4.039  0.2376    2.46 1.40e-03       12.9        79.2
    #        PC4  15   3.074  0.2049    2.12 9.60e-03        9.8        89.0
    #        PC5  13   1.446  0.1113    1.15 3.18e-01        4.6        93.6
    #        PC6  11   0.932  0.0848    0.88 5.61e-01        3.0        96.6
    #        PC7   9   0.567  0.0630    0.65 7.53e-01        1.8        98.4
    #        PC8   7   0.362  0.0518    0.54 8.04e-01        1.2        99.6
    #        PC9   5   0.126  0.0252    0.26 9.34e-01        0.4       100.0
    #  Residuals 252  24.367  0.0967      NA       NA         NA          NA
    #      Total 536 389.036  0.7258      NA       NA         NA          NA
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #
    # variable HM
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # AMMI analysis table
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #     Source  Df  Sum Sq Mean Sq F value   Pr(>F) Proportion Accumulated
    #        ENV  13 5710.32 439.255   57.22 1.11e-16         NA          NA
    #   REP(ENV)  28  214.93   7.676    2.70 2.20e-05         NA          NA
    #        GEN   9  269.81  29.979   10.56 7.41e-14         NA          NA
    #    GEN:ENV 117 1100.73   9.408    3.31 1.06e-15         NA          NA
    #        PC1  21  381.13  18.149    6.39 0.00e+00       34.6        34.6
    #        PC2  19  319.43  16.812    5.92 0.00e+00       29.0        63.6
    #        PC3  17  114.26   6.721    2.37 2.10e-03       10.4        74.0
    #        PC4  15   81.96   5.464    1.92 2.18e-02        7.4        81.5
    #        PC5  13   68.11   5.240    1.84 3.77e-02        6.2        87.7
    #        PC6  11   59.07   5.370    1.89 4.10e-02        5.4        93.0
    #        PC7   9   46.69   5.188    1.83 6.33e-02        4.2        97.3
    #        PC8   7   26.65   3.808    1.34 2.32e-01        2.4        99.7
    #        PC9   5    3.41   0.682    0.24 9.45e-01        0.3       100.0
    #  Residuals 252  715.69   2.840      NA       NA         NA          NA
    #      Total 536 9112.21  17.000      NA       NA         NA          NA
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #
    # All variables with significant (p < 0.05) genotype-vs-environment interaction
    # Done!
    waas_index <- waas(data_ge, ENV, GEN, REP, GY, verbose = FALSE)

## Cross-validation procedures

The cross-validation procedures implemented in the `metan` are based on the splitting of the original data into a training set and a validation set. The model is fitted using the training set and the predicted value is compared with the validation set. This process is iterated many times, say, 1000 times. The lesser the difference between predicted and validation data, the higher the predictive accuracy of the model. More information may be found here.

## Biplots

The well-known AMMI2 biplot may be obtained using the function `plot_scores()`. ggplot2-based graphics are obtained. Please, note that since `performs_ammi()` and , `waas()` functions allow analyzing multiple variables at the same time, e.g., `resp = c(v1, v2, ...)`, the output `ammi_model` is a list that in this case has two elements, (GY and HM). To produce an AMMI2 biplot with IPCA1 and IPCA3, for example, we use the argument `second` to change the default value of the y axis.

    a <- plot_scores(ammi_model)
    b <- plot_scores(ammi_model,
                     type = 2,
                     second = "PC3")
    c <- plot_scores(ammi_model,
                     type = 2,
                     polygon = TRUE,
                     col.gen = "black",
                     col.env = "gray70",
                     col.segm.env = "gray70",
                     axis.expand = 1.5)
    arrange_ggplot(a, b, c, tag_levels = "a", ncol = 1)

## Predict the response variable

The S3 method `predict()` is implemented for objects of class `performs_ammi` and may be used to estimate the response of each genotype in each environment considering different number of Interaction Principal Component Axis (IPCA). As a example, to predict the variables GY and HM we will use four and six IPCA (number of significant IPCAs, respectively). In addition, we will create a two way table with `make_mat()` to show the predicted values for the variable GY.

    predicted <- predict(ammi_model, naxis = c(4, 6))
    predicted %>%
       subset(TRAIT == "GY") %>%
       make_mat(GEN, ENV, YpredAMMI) %>%
      round_cols()
    #       E1  E10  E11  E12  E13  E14   E2   E3   E4   E5   E6   E7   E8   E9
    # G1  2.52 2.15 1.30 1.60 3.05 1.62 3.01 4.06 3.53 4.02 2.63 1.87 2.39 2.71
    # G10 1.96 1.52 0.89 1.04 1.83 1.90 3.13 4.16 4.21 3.34 2.54 2.18 2.75 3.15
    # G2  2.88 2.28 1.48 1.93 3.02 1.48 3.23 4.62 3.62 3.84 2.69 1.90 2.05 3.39
    # G3  2.76 2.46 1.71 1.84 3.28 2.07 3.62 4.22 4.05 4.21 2.94 2.09 2.88 3.24
    # G4  2.54 2.24 1.41 1.66 2.70 1.78 3.16 3.88 3.38 3.61 2.51 2.06 2.40 3.65
    # G5  2.31 2.09 1.32 1.44 2.64 1.77 3.21 3.62 3.47 3.55 2.44 1.83 2.49 3.34
    # G6  2.30 2.17 1.40 1.43 2.88 1.77 3.26 3.40 3.41 3.68 2.43 1.67 2.56 3.12
    # G7  2.75 2.48 1.36 1.88 3.12 1.88 2.63 4.05 3.05 4.20 2.70 2.57 2.50 3.19
    # G8  2.84 2.57 1.72 1.92 3.62 2.10 3.43 4.26 3.97 4.59 3.06 2.19 2.97 2.79
    # G9  2.34 1.79 1.10 1.34 2.96 1.43 3.11 4.38 4.06 4.07 2.69 1.53 2.37 1.99

# BLUP model

The implementation of linear-mixed effect models to predict the response variable in MET is made with the function `gamem_met()`. By default, genotype and genotype-vs-environment interaction are assumed to have random effects. Use the argument `random` to change this default. In the following example the model is fitted to all numeric variables in `data_ge`.

    model2 <- gamem_met(data_ge, ENV, GEN, REP, everything())
    # Evaluating trait GY |======================                      | 50% 00:00:00 Evaluating trait HM |============================================| 100% 00:00:01
    # Method: REML/BLUP
    # Random effects: GEN, GEN:ENV
    # Fixed effects: ENV, REP(ENV)
    # Denominador DF: Satterthwaite's method
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # P-values for Likelihood Ratio Test of the analyzed traits
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #     model       GY       HM
    #  COMPLETE       NA       NA
    #       GEN 1.11e-05 5.07e-03
    #   GEN:ENV 2.15e-11 2.27e-15
    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # All variables with significant (p < 0.05) genotype-vs-environment interaction

## Residual plots

Several residual plots may be obtained using the S3 generic function `plot()`..

    plot(model2, which = c(1, 2, 7), ncol = 1)

## Distribution of random effects

The distribution of the random effects may be obtained using the argument `type = "re"`.

    plot(model2, type = "re", nrow = 3)

## Genetic parameters and variance components

We can get easily the model results such as the Likelihood Ration Test for random effects, the variance components, and the BLUPs for genotypes with `get_model_data()`. By default, the function returns the genetic parameters.

    get_model_data(model2) %>% round_cols(digits = 3)
    # Class of the model: waasb
    # Variable extracted: genpar
    # # A tibble: 9 × 3
    #   Parameters              GY    HM
    #   <chr>                <dbl> <dbl>
    # 1 Phenotypic variance  0.181 5.52
    # 2 Heritability         0.154 0.089
    # 3 GEIr2                0.313 0.397
    # 4 h2mg                 0.815 0.686
    # 5 Accuracy             0.903 0.828
    # 6 rge                  0.37  0.435
    # 7 CVg                  6.26  1.46
    # 8 CVr                 11.6   3.50
    # 9 CV ratio             0.538 0.415

## Plotting the BLUPs for genotypes

    library(ggplot2)
    d <- plot_blup(model2)
    e <- plot_blup(model2,
                   prob = 0.1,
                   col.shape  =  c("gray20", "gray80")) +
          coord_flip()
    arrange_ggplot(d, e, tag_levels = list(c("d", "e")), ncol = 1)
    # `height` was translated to `width`.
    # `height` was translated to `width`.

## BLUPS for genotype-vs-environment interaction

    get_model_data(model2, what = "blupge") %>%
      round_cols()
    # Class of the model: waasb
    # Variable extracted: blupge
    # # A tibble: 140 × 4
    #    ENV   GEN      GY    HM
    #    <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 E1    G1     2.4   46.6
    #  2 E1    G10    2.11  47.2
    #  3 E1    G2     2.78  45.7
    #  4 E1    G3     2.84  46.2
    #  5 E1    G4     2.55  48.0
    #  6 E1    G5     2.27  49.4
    #  7 E1    G6     2.34  48.1
    #  8 E1    G7     2.7   47.4
    #  9 E1    G8     2.86  48.0
    # 10 E1    G9     2.35  47.6
    # # ℹ 130 more rows

## BLUP-based stability index

The WAASB index (Olivoto, Lúcio, Da silva, Marchioro, et al. 2019) is a quantitative stability measure based on the weighted average of the absolute scores from the singular value decomposition of the BLUPs for genotype-vs-interaction effects. We can obtain this statistic with the function `waasb()` combined with `get_model_data()` using `what = "WAASB"`.

    model3 <- waasb(data_ge, ENV, GEN, REP, everything(), verbose = FALSE)
    get_model_data(model3, what = "WAASB") %>%
      round_cols()
    # Class of the model: waasb
    # Variable extracted: WAASB
    # # A tibble: 10 × 3
    #    GEN      GY    HM
    #    <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 G1     0.13  0.38
    #  2 G10    0.46  1.03
    #  3 G2     0.21  0.79
    #  4 G3     0.1   0.36
    #  5 G4     0.25  0.6
    #  6 G5     0.22  0.88
    #  7 G6     0.17  0.41
    #  8 G7     0.32  0.68
    #  9 G8     0.26  0.44
    # 10 G9     0.37  0.56

The function `blup_indexes()` can be used to compute the harmonic mean of genotypic values (HMGV), the relative performance of the genotypic values (RPGV) and the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV). See Alves et al. (2018) for more details. We use the function `get_model_data()` to get the HMRPGV (default) for all analyzed variables.

    index <- blup_indexes(model3)
    get_model_data(index) %>% round_cols()
    # Class of the model: blup_ind
    # Variable extracted: HMRPGV
    # # A tibble: 10 × 3
    #    GEN      GY    HM
    #    <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
    #  1 G1     0.97  0.98
    #  2 G10    0.9   1.01
    #  3 G2     1.02  0.97
    #  4 G3     1.1   0.99
    #  5 G4     0.99  1
    #  6 G5     0.95  1.02
    #  7 G6     0.95  1.01
    #  8 G7     1.03  1
    #  9 G8     1.12  1.02
    # 10 G9     0.92  1

# GGE model

## Fitting the model

The GGE model is fitted with the function `gge()`. This function produces a GGE model based on both a two-way table (in our case the object `table`) with genotypes in the rows and environments in columns, or a data.frame containing at least the columns for genotypes, environments and the response variable(s).

    gge_model <- gge(data_ge, ENV, GEN, GY)

## Visualizing the Biplot

The generic function `plot()` is used to generate a biplot using as input a fitted model of class `gge`. The type of biplot is chosen by the argument `type` in the function. Ten biplots type are available according to {Yan and Kang (2003)}.

- `type = 1` A basic biplot.
- `type = 2` Mean performance vs. stability.
- `type = 3` Which-won-where.
- `type = 4` Discriminativeness vs. representativeness.
- `type = 5` Examine an environment.
- `type = 6` Ranking environments.
- `type = 7` Examine a genotype.
- `type = 8` Ranking gentoypes.
- `type = 9` Compare two genotypes.
- `type = 10` Relationship among environments.

    f <- plot(gge_model)
    g <- plot(gge_model, type = 2)
    arrange_ggplot(e, f, tag_levels = list(c("e", "f")), ncol = 1)

# Wrapper function `ge_stats()`

To compute all the stability statistics at once, we can use the function `ge_stats()`. Again we get the results with `get_model_data()`.

    stat_ge <- ge_stats(data_ge, ENV, GEN, REP, GY)
    # Evaluating trait GY |============================================| 100% 00:00:06
    get_model_data(stat_ge) %>%
      round_cols()
    # Class of the model: ge_stats
    # Variable extracted: stats
    # # A tibble: 10 × 44
    #    var   GEN       Y    CV   ACV POLAR   Var Shukla  Wi_g  Wi_f  Wi_u Ecoval
    #    <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>  <dbl>
    #  1 GY    G1     2.6   35.2  34.1  0.03 10.9    0.03  84.4  89.2  81.1   1.22
    #  2 GY    G10    2.47  42.4  38.6  0.14 14.2    0.24  59.2  64.6  54.4   7.96
    #  3 GY    G2     2.74  34.0  35.2  0.06 11.3    0.09  82.8  95.3  75.6   3.03
    #  4 GY    G3     2.96  29.9  33.8  0.02 10.1    0.01 104.   99.7 107.    0.72
    #  5 GY    G4     2.64  31.4  31   -0.05  8.93   0.06  85.9  79.6  91.9   2.34
    #  6 GY    G5     2.54  30.6  28.8 -0.12  7.82   0.05  82.7  82.2  82.4   1.84
    #  7 GY    G6     2.53  29.6  27.8 -0.15  7.34   0.05  83.0  83.7  81.8   1.81
    #  8 GY    G7     2.74  27.4  28.3 -0.13  7.33   0.12  83.9  77.6  93.4   4.16
    #  9 GY    G8     3     30.4  35.0  0.05 10.8    0.07  98.8  90.5 107.    2.57
    # 10 GY    G9     2.51  42.4  39.4  0.15 14.8    0.17  68.8  68.9  70.3   5.56
    # # ℹ 32 more variables: bij <dbl>, Sij <dbl>, R2 <dbl>, ASTAB <dbl>, ASI <dbl>,
    # #   ASV <dbl>, AVAMGE <dbl>, DA <dbl>, DZ <dbl>, EV <dbl>, FA <dbl>,
    # #   MASI <dbl>, MASV <dbl>, SIPC <dbl>, ZA <dbl>, WAAS <dbl>, WAASB <dbl>,
    # #   HMGV <dbl>, RPGV <dbl>, HMRPGV <dbl>, Pi_a <dbl>, Pi_f <dbl>, Pi_u <dbl>,
    # #   Gai <dbl>, S1 <dbl>, S2 <dbl>, S3 <dbl>, S6 <dbl>, N1 <dbl>, N2 <dbl>,
    # #   N3 <dbl>, N4 <dbl>

# Selection based on multiple traits

The multi-trait stability index (MTSI) was proposed by Olivoto, Lúcio, Da silva, Sari, et al. (2019) and is used for simultaneous selection considering mean performance and stability (of several traits) in the analysis of METs using both fixed and mixed-effect models. For more details see the complete vignette.

# Getting help

- If you encounter a clear bug, please file a minimal reproducible example on github

# References

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