Author: Kaifeng Lu
Date: 2021-12-15

# Comparing Direct Approximation and Schoenfeld Methods

#### Kaifeng Lu

#### 12/15/2021

    library(lrstat)

This R Markdown document compares the direct approximation method for sample size calculation of survival trials as implemented in the lrstat package with the Schoenfeld method for sample size calculation of survival trials.

Consider a fixed design with \(\pi_1=0.2\) for the active treatment group and \(\pi_2=0.4\) for the control group at month 12, an enrollment period lasting 12 months to enroll 200 patients, and a target number of events of 40.

First, we find the follow-up time at which 40 events will be observed. This can be accomplished by the caltime function using a large upper bound of the follow-up time for bracketed search:

    caltime(nevents = 40, accrualDuration = 12, accrualIntensity = 200/12,
            lambda1 = -log(1-0.2)/12, lambda2 = -log(1-0.4)/12,
            followupTime = 100)
    #> [1] 13.63169

Therefore the followup time for the last enrolled patient is 13.63 - 12 = 1.63 months. Next we use the lrpower function to estimate the power.

    lrpower(kMax = 1, criticalValues = 1.96, accrualDuration = 12,
            accrualIntensity = 200/12, lambda1 = -log(1-0.2)/12,
            lambda2 = -log(1-0.4)/12,  followupTime = 1.63,
            typeOfComputation = "direct")
    #>
    #> Fixed design for log-rank test
    #> Overall power: 0.7138, overall significance level (1-sided): 0.025
    #> Number of events: 40
    #> Number of dropouts: 0
    #> Number of subjects: 200
    #> Information: 9.96
    #> Study duration: 13.6
    #> Accrual duration: 12, follow-up duration: 1.6, fixed follow-up: FALSE
    #> Allocation ratio: 1
    #>
    #>
    #> Efficacy boundary (Z)  1.960
    #> Efficacy boundary (HR) 0.516
    #> Efficacy boundary (p)  0.0250
    #> HR                     0.437

Therefore, the power is estimated to be 71.4%. In comparison, the Schoenfeld formula yields a power of 74.5%.

    hazardRatio = log(1-0.2)/log(1-0.4)
    pnorm(abs(log(hazardRatio))*sqrt(40/4) - qnorm(0.975))
    #> [1] 0.7450763

To see which method yields a more accurate power estimate, we run a lrsim function, which reports a power of 72.2% with 10000 replications.

    lrsim(kMax = 1, criticalValues = 1.96,
          accrualIntensity = 200/12,
          lambda1 = -log(1-0.2)/12, lambda2 = -log(1-0.4)/12,
          n = 200,
          plannedEvents = 40,
          maxNumberOfIterations = 10000, seed = 314159)
    #>
    #> Fixed design for log-rank test
    #> Empirical power: 0.7224
    #> Expected # events: 40
    #> Expected # dropouts: 0
    #> Expected # subjects: 199.3
    #> Expected study duration: 13.7
    #> n: 200, fixed follow-up: FALSE
    #> Number of simulations: 10000
    #>

Therefore, the direct approximation method yields a more accurate power estimate than the Schoenfeld method in this case. The reason for this discrepancy is due to the hazard ratio being 0.437, which is rather far away from the null hazard ratio of 1. It is well-known that the Schoenfeld method yields an optimistic power estimate with equal randomization in this case.