// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
//
// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

//! \addtogroup gmm_diag
//! @{

namespace gmm_priv {

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>::~gmm_diag() {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  arma_type_check(((is_same_type<eT, float>::value == false) &&
                   (is_same_type<eT, double>::value == false)));
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>::gmm_diag() {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>::gmm_diag(const gmm_diag<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  init(x);
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>& gmm_diag<eT>::operator=(const gmm_diag<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  init(x);

  return *this;
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>::gmm_diag(const gmm_full<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  init(x);
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>& gmm_diag<eT>::operator=(const gmm_full<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  init(x);

  return *this;
}

template <typename eT>
inline gmm_diag<eT>::gmm_diag(const uword in_n_dims, const uword in_n_gaus) {
  arma_debug_sigprint_this(this);

  init(in_n_dims, in_n_gaus);
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::reset() {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  init(0, 0);
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::reset(const uword in_n_dims, const uword in_n_gaus) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  init(in_n_dims, in_n_gaus);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::set_params(const Base<eT, T1>& in_means_expr,
                                     const Base<eT, T2>& in_dcovs_expr,
                                     const Base<eT, T3>& in_hefts_expr) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp1(in_means_expr.get_ref());
  const unwrap<T2> tmp2(in_dcovs_expr.get_ref());
  const unwrap<T3> tmp3(in_hefts_expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& in_means = tmp1.M;
  const Mat<eT>& in_dcovs = tmp2.M;
  const Mat<eT>& in_hefts = tmp3.M;

  arma_conform_check(
      (arma::size(in_means) != arma::size(in_dcovs)) ||
          (in_hefts.n_cols != in_means.n_cols) || (in_hefts.n_rows != 1),
      "gmm_diag::set_params(): given parameters have inconsistent and/or wrong sizes");

  arma_conform_check((in_means.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): given means have non-finite values");
  arma_conform_check((in_dcovs.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): given dcovs have non-finite values");
  arma_conform_check((in_hefts.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): given hefts have non-finite values");

  arma_conform_check((any(vectorise(in_dcovs) <= eT(0))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): given dcovs have negative or zero values");
  arma_conform_check((any(vectorise(in_hefts) < eT(0))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): given hefts have negative values");

  const eT s = accu(in_hefts);

  arma_conform_check(((s < (eT(1) - eT(0.001))) || (s > (eT(1) + eT(0.001)))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_params(): sum of given hefts is not 1");

  access::rw(means) = in_means;
  access::rw(dcovs) = in_dcovs;
  access::rw(hefts) = in_hefts;

  init_constants();
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::set_means(const Base<eT, T1>& in_means_expr) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp(in_means_expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& in_means = tmp.M;

  arma_conform_check((arma::size(in_means) != arma::size(means)),
                     "gmm_diag::set_means(): given means have incompatible size");
  arma_conform_check((in_means.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_means(): given means have non-finite values");

  access::rw(means) = in_means;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::set_dcovs(const Base<eT, T1>& in_dcovs_expr) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp(in_dcovs_expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& in_dcovs = tmp.M;

  arma_conform_check((arma::size(in_dcovs) != arma::size(dcovs)),
                     "gmm_diag::set_dcovs(): given dcovs have incompatible size");
  arma_conform_check((in_dcovs.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_dcovs(): given dcovs have non-finite values");
  arma_conform_check((any(vectorise(in_dcovs) <= eT(0))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_dcovs(): given dcovs have negative or zero values");

  access::rw(dcovs) = in_dcovs;

  init_constants();
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::set_hefts(const Base<eT, T1>& in_hefts_expr) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp(in_hefts_expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& in_hefts = tmp.M;

  arma_conform_check((arma::size(in_hefts) != arma::size(hefts)),
                     "gmm_diag::set_hefts(): given hefts have incompatible size");
  arma_conform_check((in_hefts.internal_has_nonfinite()),
                     "gmm_diag::set_hefts(): given hefts have non-finite values");
  arma_conform_check((any(vectorise(in_hefts) < eT(0))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_hefts(): given hefts have negative values");

  const eT s = accu(in_hefts);

  arma_conform_check(((s < (eT(1) - eT(0.001))) || (s > (eT(1) + eT(0.001)))),
                     "gmm_diag::set_hefts(): sum of given hefts is not 1");

  // make sure all hefts are positive and non-zero

  const eT* in_hefts_mem = in_hefts.memptr();
  eT* hefts_mem = access::rw(hefts).memptr();

  for (uword i = 0; i < hefts.n_elem; ++i) {
    hefts_mem[i] = (std::max)(in_hefts_mem[i], std::numeric_limits<eT>::min());
  }

  access::rw(hefts) /= accu(hefts);

  log_hefts = log(hefts);
}

template <typename eT>
inline uword gmm_diag<eT>::n_dims() const {
  return means.n_rows;
}

template <typename eT>
inline uword gmm_diag<eT>::n_gaus() const {
  return means.n_cols;
}

template <typename eT>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::load(const std::string name) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  Cube<eT> Q;

  bool status = Q.load(name, arma_binary);

  if ((status == false) || (Q.n_slices != 2)) {
    reset();
    arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::load(): problem with loading or incompatible format");
    return false;
  }

  if ((Q.n_rows < 2) || (Q.n_cols < 1)) {
    reset();
    return true;
  }

  access::rw(hefts) = Q.slice(0).row(0);
  access::rw(means) = Q.slice(0).submat(1, 0, Q.n_rows - 1, Q.n_cols - 1);
  access::rw(dcovs) = Q.slice(1).submat(1, 0, Q.n_rows - 1, Q.n_cols - 1);

  init_constants();

  return true;
}

template <typename eT>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::save(const std::string name) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  Cube<eT> Q(means.n_rows + 1, means.n_cols, 2, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  if (Q.n_elem > 0) {
    Q.slice(0).row(0) = hefts;
    Q.slice(1).row(0).zeros();  // reserved for future use

    Q.slice(0).submat(1, 0, arma::size(means)) = means;
    Q.slice(1).submat(1, 0, arma::size(dcovs)) = dcovs;
  }

  const bool status = Q.save(name, arma_binary);

  return status;
}

template <typename eT>
inline Col<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::generate() const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  Col<eT> out(((N_gaus > 0) ? N_dims : uword(0)), fill::randn);

  if (N_gaus > 0) {
    const double val = randu<double>();

    double csum = double(0);
    uword gaus_id = 0;

    for (uword j = 0; j < N_gaus; ++j) {
      csum += hefts[j];

      if (val <= csum) {
        gaus_id = j;
        break;
      }
    }

    out %= sqrt(dcovs.col(gaus_id));
    out += means.col(gaus_id);
  }

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
inline Mat<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::generate(const uword N_vec) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  Mat<eT> out(((N_gaus > 0) ? N_dims : uword(0)), N_vec, fill::randn);

  if (N_gaus > 0) {
    const eT* hefts_mem = hefts.memptr();

    const Mat<eT> sqrt_dcovs = sqrt(dcovs);

    for (uword i = 0; i < N_vec; ++i) {
      const double val = randu<double>();

      double csum = double(0);
      uword gaus_id = 0;

      for (uword j = 0; j < N_gaus; ++j) {
        csum += hefts_mem[j];

        if (val <= csum) {
          gaus_id = j;
          break;
        }
      }

      subview_col<eT> out_col = out.col(i);

      out_col %= sqrt_dcovs.col(gaus_id);
      out_col += means.col(gaus_id);
    }
  }

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::log_p(
    const T1& expr, const gmm_empty_arg& junk1,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      true))>::result* junk2) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk1);
  arma_ignore(junk2);

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  arma_conform_check((tmp.M.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): incompatible dimensions");

  return internal_scalar_log_p(tmp.M.memptr());
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::log_p(
    const T1& expr, const uword gaus_id,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      true))>::result* junk2) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk2);

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  arma_conform_check((tmp.M.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): incompatible dimensions");

  arma_conform_check((gaus_id >= means.n_cols),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): specified gaussian is out of range");

  return internal_scalar_log_p(tmp.M.memptr(), gaus_id);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline Row<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::log_p(
    const T1& expr, const gmm_empty_arg& junk1,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      false))>::result* junk2) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk1);
  arma_ignore(junk2);

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_vec_log_p(X);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline Row<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::log_p(
    const T1& expr, const uword gaus_id,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      false))>::result* junk2) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk2);

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_vec_log_p(X, gaus_id);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::sum_log_p(const Base<eT, T1>& expr) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_sum_log_p(X);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::sum_log_p(const Base<eT, T1>& expr, const uword gaus_id) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_sum_log_p(X, gaus_id);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::avg_log_p(const Base<eT, T1>& expr) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_avg_log_p(X);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::avg_log_p(const Base<eT, T1>& expr, const uword gaus_id) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_avg_log_p(X, gaus_id);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline uword gmm_diag<eT>::assign(
    const T1& expr, const gmm_dist_mode& dist,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      true))>::result* junk) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk);

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  return internal_scalar_assign(X, dist);
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline urowvec gmm_diag<eT>::assign(
    const T1& expr, const gmm_dist_mode& dist,
    typename enable_if<((is_arma_type<T1>::value) && (resolves_to_colvector<T1>::value ==
                                                      false))>::result* junk) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();
  arma_ignore(junk);

  urowvec out;

  const quasi_unwrap<T1> tmp(expr);

  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  internal_vec_assign(out, X, dist);

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline urowvec gmm_diag<eT>::raw_hist(const Base<eT, T1>& expr,
                                      const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::raw_hist(): incompatible dimensions");

  arma_conform_check(((dist_mode != eucl_dist) && (dist_mode != prob_dist)),
                     "gmm_diag::raw_hist(): unsupported distance mode");

  urowvec hist;

  internal_raw_hist(hist, X, dist_mode);

  return hist;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline Row<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::norm_hist(const Base<eT, T1>& expr,
                                       const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const unwrap<T1> tmp(expr.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp.M;

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::norm_hist(): incompatible dimensions");

  arma_conform_check(((dist_mode != eucl_dist) && (dist_mode != prob_dist)),
                     "gmm_diag::norm_hist(): unsupported distance mode");

  urowvec hist;

  internal_raw_hist(hist, X, dist_mode);

  const uword hist_n_elem = hist.n_elem;
  const uword* hist_mem = hist.memptr();

  eT acc = eT(0);
  for (uword i = 0; i < hist_n_elem; ++i) {
    acc += eT(hist_mem[i]);
  }

  if (acc == eT(0)) {
    acc = eT(1);
  }

  Row<eT> out(hist_n_elem, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  eT* out_mem = out.memptr();

  for (uword i = 0; i < hist_n_elem; ++i) {
    out_mem[i] = eT(hist_mem[i]) / acc;
  }

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::learn(const Base<eT, T1>& data, const uword N_gaus,
                                const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode,
                                const gmm_seed_mode& seed_mode, const uword km_iter,
                                const uword em_iter, const eT var_floor,
                                const bool print_mode) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const bool dist_mode_ok = (dist_mode == eucl_dist) || (dist_mode == maha_dist);

  const bool seed_mode_ok = (seed_mode == keep_existing) ||
                            (seed_mode == static_subset) ||
                            (seed_mode == static_spread) ||
                            (seed_mode == random_subset) || (seed_mode == random_spread);

  arma_conform_check((dist_mode_ok == false),
                     "gmm_diag::learn(): dist_mode must be eucl_dist or maha_dist");
  arma_conform_check((seed_mode_ok == false), "gmm_diag::learn(): unknown seed_mode");
  arma_conform_check((var_floor < eT(0)),
                     "gmm_diag::learn(): variance floor is negative");

  const unwrap<T1> tmp_X(data.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp_X.M;

  if (X.is_empty()) {
    arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::learn(): given matrix is empty");
    return false;
  }
  if (X.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::learn(): given matrix has non-finite values");
    return false;
  }

  if (N_gaus == 0) {
    reset();
    return true;
  }

  if (dist_mode == maha_dist) {
    mah_aux = var(X, 1, 1);

    const uword mah_aux_n_elem = mah_aux.n_elem;
    eT* mah_aux_mem = mah_aux.memptr();

    for (uword i = 0; i < mah_aux_n_elem; ++i) {
      const eT val = mah_aux_mem[i];

      mah_aux_mem[i] = ((val != eT(0)) && arma_isfinite(val)) ? eT(1) / val : eT(1);
    }
  }

  // copy current model, in case of failure by k-means and/or EM

  const gmm_diag<eT> orig = (*this);

  // initial means

  if (seed_mode == keep_existing) {
    if (means.is_empty()) {
      arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::learn(): no existing means");
      return false;
    }
    if (X.n_rows != means.n_rows) {
      arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::learn(): dimensionality mismatch");
      return false;
    }

    // TODO: also check for number of vectors?
  } else {
    if (X.n_cols < N_gaus) {
      arma_warn(3,
                "gmm_diag::learn(): number of vectors is less than number of gaussians");
      return false;
    }

    reset(X.n_rows, N_gaus);

    if (print_mode) {
      get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::learn(): generating initial means\n";
      get_cout_stream().flush();
    }

    if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
      generate_initial_means<1>(X, seed_mode);
    } else if (dist_mode == maha_dist) {
      generate_initial_means<2>(X, seed_mode);
    }
  }

  // k-means

  if (km_iter > 0) {
    const arma_ostream_state stream_state(get_cout_stream());

    bool status = false;

    if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
      status = km_iterate<1>(X, km_iter, print_mode, "gmm_diag::learn(): k-means");
    } else if (dist_mode == maha_dist) {
      status = km_iterate<2>(X, km_iter, print_mode, "gmm_diag::learn(): k-means");
    }

    stream_state.restore(get_cout_stream());

    if (status == false) {
      arma_warn(3,
                "gmm_diag::learn(): k-means algorithm failed; not enough data, or too "
                "many gaussians requested");
      init(orig);
      return false;
    }
  }

  // initial dcovs

  const eT var_floor_actual =
      (eT(var_floor) > eT(0)) ? eT(var_floor) : std::numeric_limits<eT>::min();

  if (seed_mode != keep_existing) {
    if (print_mode) {
      get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::learn(): generating initial covariances\n";
      get_cout_stream().flush();
    }

    if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
      generate_initial_params<1>(X, var_floor_actual);
    } else if (dist_mode == maha_dist) {
      generate_initial_params<2>(X, var_floor_actual);
    }
  }

  // EM algorithm

  if (em_iter > 0) {
    const arma_ostream_state stream_state(get_cout_stream());

    const bool status = em_iterate(X, em_iter, var_floor_actual, print_mode);

    stream_state.restore(get_cout_stream());

    if (status == false) {
      arma_warn(3, "gmm_diag::learn(): EM algorithm failed");
      init(orig);
      return false;
    }
  }

  mah_aux.reset();

  init_constants();

  return true;
}

template <typename eT>
template <typename T1>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::kmeans_wrapper(Mat<eT>& user_means, const Base<eT, T1>& data,
                                         const uword N_gaus,
                                         const gmm_seed_mode& seed_mode,
                                         const uword km_iter, const bool print_mode) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const bool seed_mode_ok = (seed_mode == keep_existing) ||
                            (seed_mode == static_subset) ||
                            (seed_mode == static_spread) ||
                            (seed_mode == random_subset) || (seed_mode == random_spread);

  arma_conform_check((seed_mode_ok == false), "kmeans(): unknown seed_mode");

  const unwrap<T1> tmp_X(data.get_ref());
  const Mat<eT>& X = tmp_X.M;

  if (X.is_empty()) {
    arma_warn(3, "kmeans(): given matrix is empty");
    return false;
  }
  if (X.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    arma_warn(3, "kmeans(): given matrix has non-finite values");
    return false;
  }

  if (N_gaus == 0) {
    reset();
    return true;
  }

  // initial means

  if (seed_mode == keep_existing) {
    access::rw(means) = user_means;

    if (means.is_empty()) {
      arma_warn(3, "kmeans(): no existing means");
      return false;
    }
    if (X.n_rows != means.n_rows) {
      arma_warn(3, "kmeans(): dimensionality mismatch");
      return false;
    }

    // TODO: also check for number of vectors?
  } else {
    if (X.n_cols < N_gaus) {
      arma_warn(3, "kmeans(): number of vectors is less than number of means");
      return false;
    }

    access::rw(means).zeros(X.n_rows, N_gaus);

    if (print_mode) {
      get_cout_stream() << "kmeans(): generating initial means\n";
    }

    generate_initial_means<1>(X, seed_mode);
  }

  // k-means

  if (km_iter > 0) {
    const arma_ostream_state stream_state(get_cout_stream());

    bool status = false;

    status = km_iterate<1>(X, km_iter, print_mode, "kmeans()");

    stream_state.restore(get_cout_stream());

    if (status == false) {
      arma_warn(
          3, "kmeans(): clustering failed; not enough data, or too many means requested");
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

//
//
//

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::init(const gmm_diag<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  gmm_diag<eT>& t = *this;

  if (&t != &x) {
    access::rw(t.means) = x.means;
    access::rw(t.dcovs) = x.dcovs;
    access::rw(t.hefts) = x.hefts;

    init_constants();
  }
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::init(const gmm_full<eT>& x) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  access::rw(hefts) = x.hefts;
  access::rw(means) = x.means;

  const uword N_dims = x.means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = x.means.n_cols;

  access::rw(dcovs).zeros(N_dims, N_gaus);

  for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
    const Mat<eT>& fcov = x.fcovs.slice(g);

    eT* dcov_mem = access::rw(dcovs).colptr(g);

    for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
      dcov_mem[d] = fcov.at(d, d);
    }
  }

  init_constants();
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::init(const uword in_n_dims, const uword in_n_gaus) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  access::rw(means).zeros(in_n_dims, in_n_gaus);

  access::rw(dcovs).ones(in_n_dims, in_n_gaus);

  access::rw(hefts).set_size(in_n_gaus);

  access::rw(hefts).fill(eT(1) / eT(in_n_gaus));

  init_constants();
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::init_constants() {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  //

  inv_dcovs.copy_size(dcovs);

  const eT* dcovs_mem = dcovs.memptr();
  eT* inv_dcovs_mem = inv_dcovs.memptr();

  const uword dcovs_n_elem = dcovs.n_elem;

  for (uword i = 0; i < dcovs_n_elem; ++i) {
    inv_dcovs_mem[i] = eT(1) / (std::max)(dcovs_mem[i], std::numeric_limits<eT>::min());
  }

  //

  const eT tmp = (eT(N_dims) / eT(2)) * std::log(Datum<eT>::tau);

  log_det_etc.set_size(N_gaus);

  for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
    const eT* dcovs_colmem = dcovs.colptr(g);

    eT log_det_val = eT(0);

    for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
      log_det_val +=
          std::log((std::max)(dcovs_colmem[d], std::numeric_limits<eT>::min()));
    }

    log_det_etc[g] = eT(-1) * (tmp + eT(0.5) * log_det_val);
  }

  //

  eT* hefts_mem = access::rw(hefts).memptr();

  for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
    hefts_mem[g] = (std::max)(hefts_mem[g], std::numeric_limits<eT>::min());
  }

  log_hefts = log(hefts);
}

template <typename eT>
inline umat gmm_diag<eT>::internal_gen_boundaries(const uword N) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  const uword n_threads_avail =
      (omp_in_parallel()) ? uword(1) : uword(omp_get_max_threads());
  const uword n_threads =
      (n_threads_avail > 0) ? ((n_threads_avail <= N) ? n_threads_avail : 1) : 1;
#else
  static constexpr uword n_threads = 1;
#endif

  // get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::internal_gen_boundaries(): n_threads: " << n_threads
  // << '\n';

  umat boundaries(2, n_threads, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  if (N > 0) {
    const uword chunk_size = N / n_threads;

    uword count = 0;

    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; t++) {
      boundaries.at(0, t) = count;

      count += chunk_size;

      boundaries.at(1, t) = count - 1;
    }

    boundaries.at(1, n_threads - 1) = N - 1;
  } else {
    boundaries.zeros();
  }

  // get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::internal_gen_boundaries(): boundaries: " << '\n' <<
  // boundaries << '\n';

  return boundaries;
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_scalar_log_p(const eT* x) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.mem;

  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  if (N_gaus > 0) {
    eT log_sum = internal_scalar_log_p(x, 0) + log_hefts_mem[0];

    for (uword g = 1; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      const eT tmp = internal_scalar_log_p(x, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

      log_sum = priv::internal_log_add_exp(log_sum, tmp);
    }

    return log_sum;
  } else {
    return -Datum<eT>::inf;
  }
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_scalar_log_p(const eT* x, const uword g) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const eT* mean = means.colptr(g);
  const eT* inv_dcov = inv_dcovs.colptr(g);

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;

  eT val_i = eT(0);
  eT val_j = eT(0);

  uword i, j;

  for (i = 0, j = 1; j < N_dims; i += 2, j += 2) {
    eT tmp_i = x[i];
    eT tmp_j = x[j];

    tmp_i -= mean[i];
    tmp_j -= mean[j];

    val_i += (tmp_i * tmp_i) * inv_dcov[i];
    val_j += (tmp_j * tmp_j) * inv_dcov[j];
  }

  if (i < N_dims) {
    const eT tmp = x[i] - mean[i];

    val_i += (tmp * tmp) * inv_dcov[i];
  }

  return eT(-0.5) * (val_i + val_j) + log_det_etc.mem[g];
}

template <typename eT>
inline Row<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::internal_vec_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): incompatible dimensions");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  Row<eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  if (N > 0) {
#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
      const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

      const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
        const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

        eT* out_mem = out.memptr();

        for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
          out_mem[i] = internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i));
        }
      }
    }
#else
    {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();

      for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
        out_mem[i] = internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i));
      }
    }
#endif
  }

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
inline Row<eT> gmm_diag<eT>::internal_vec_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X,
                                                const uword gaus_id) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): incompatible dimensions");
  arma_conform_check((gaus_id >= means.n_cols),
                     "gmm_diag::log_p(): specified gaussian is out of range");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  Row<eT> out(N, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  if (N > 0) {
#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
      const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

      const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
        const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

        eT* out_mem = out.memptr();

        for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
          out_mem[i] = internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id);
        }
      }
    }
#else
    {
      eT* out_mem = out.memptr();

      for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
        out_mem[i] = internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id);
      }
    }
#endif
  }

  return out;
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_sum_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::sum_log_p(): incompatible dimensions");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  if (N == 0) {
    return (-Datum<eT>::inf);
  }

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    Col<eT> t_accs(n_threads, arma_zeros_indicator());

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
      const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

      eT t_acc = eT(0);

      for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
        t_acc += internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i));
      }

      t_accs[t] = t_acc;
    }

    return eT(accu(t_accs));
  }
#else
  {
    eT acc = eT(0);

    for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      acc += internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i));
    }

    return acc;
  }
#endif
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_sum_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X, const uword gaus_id) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::sum_log_p(): incompatible dimensions");
  arma_conform_check((gaus_id >= means.n_cols),
                     "gmm_diag::sum_log_p(): specified gaussian is out of range");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  if (N == 0) {
    return (-Datum<eT>::inf);
  }

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    Col<eT> t_accs(n_threads, arma_zeros_indicator());

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
      const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

      eT t_acc = eT(0);

      for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
        t_acc += internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id);
      }

      t_accs[t] = t_acc;
    }

    return eT(accu(t_accs));
  }
#else
  {
    eT acc = eT(0);

    for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      acc += internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id);
    }

    return acc;
  }
#endif
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_avg_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::avg_log_p(): incompatible dimensions");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  if (N == 0) {
    return (-Datum<eT>::inf);
  }

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    field<running_mean_scalar<eT> > t_running_means(n_threads);

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
      const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

      running_mean_scalar<eT>& current_running_mean = t_running_means[t];

      for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
        current_running_mean(internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i)));
      }
    }

    eT avg = eT(0);

    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      running_mean_scalar<eT>& current_running_mean = t_running_means[t];

      const eT w = eT(current_running_mean.count()) / eT(N);

      avg += w * current_running_mean.mean();
    }

    return avg;
  }
#else
  {
    running_mean_scalar<eT> running_mean;

    for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      running_mean(internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i)));
    }

    return running_mean.mean();
  }
#endif
}

template <typename eT>
inline eT gmm_diag<eT>::internal_avg_log_p(const Mat<eT>& X, const uword gaus_id) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != means.n_rows),
                     "gmm_diag::avg_log_p(): incompatible dimensions");
  arma_conform_check((gaus_id >= means.n_cols),
                     "gmm_diag::avg_log_p(): specified gaussian is out of range");

  const uword N = X.n_cols;

  if (N == 0) {
    return (-Datum<eT>::inf);
  }

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(N);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    field<running_mean_scalar<eT> > t_running_means(n_threads);

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
      const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

      running_mean_scalar<eT>& current_running_mean = t_running_means[t];

      for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
        current_running_mean(internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id));
      }
    }

    eT avg = eT(0);

    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      running_mean_scalar<eT>& current_running_mean = t_running_means[t];

      const eT w = eT(current_running_mean.count()) / eT(N);

      avg += w * current_running_mean.mean();
    }

    return avg;
  }
#else
  {
    running_mean_scalar<eT> running_mean;

    for (uword i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      running_mean(internal_scalar_log_p(X.colptr(i), gaus_id));
    }

    return running_mean.mean();
  }
#endif
}

template <typename eT>
inline uword gmm_diag<eT>::internal_scalar_assign(const Mat<eT>& X,
                                                  const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != N_dims), "gmm_diag::assign(): incompatible dimensions");
  arma_conform_check((N_gaus == 0), "gmm_diag::assign(): model has no means");

  const eT* X_mem = X.colptr(0);

  if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
    eT best_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
    uword best_g = 0;

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      const eT tmp_dist = distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, X_mem, means.colptr(g), X_mem);

      if (tmp_dist <= best_dist) {
        best_dist = tmp_dist;
        best_g = g;
      }
    }

    return best_g;
  } else if (dist_mode == prob_dist) {
    const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();

    eT best_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;
    uword best_g = 0;

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      const eT tmp_p = internal_scalar_log_p(X_mem, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

      if (tmp_p >= best_p) {
        best_p = tmp_p;
        best_g = g;
      }
    }

    return best_g;
  } else {
    arma_conform_check(true, "gmm_diag::assign(): unsupported distance mode");
  }

  return uword(0);
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::internal_vec_assign(urowvec& out, const Mat<eT>& X,
                                              const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  arma_conform_check((X.n_rows != N_dims), "gmm_diag::assign(): incompatible dimensions");

  const uword X_n_cols = (N_gaus > 0) ? X.n_cols : 0;

  out.set_size(1, X_n_cols);

  uword* out_mem = out.memptr();

  if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_dist =
              distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), X_colptr);

          if (tmp_dist <= best_dist) {
            best_dist = tmp_dist;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        out_mem[i] = best_g;
      }
    }
#else
    {
      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_dist =
              distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), X_colptr);

          if (tmp_dist <= best_dist) {
            best_dist = tmp_dist;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        out_mem[i] = best_g;
      }
    }
#endif
  } else if (dist_mode == prob_dist) {
#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
      const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_p = internal_scalar_log_p(X_colptr, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

          if (tmp_p >= best_p) {
            best_p = tmp_p;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        out_mem[i] = best_g;
      }
    }
#else
    {
      const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();

      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_p = internal_scalar_log_p(X_colptr, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

          if (tmp_p >= best_p) {
            best_p = tmp_p;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        out_mem[i] = best_g;
      }
    }
#endif
  } else {
    arma_conform_check(true, "gmm_diag::assign(): unsupported distance mode");
  }
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::internal_raw_hist(urowvec& hist, const Mat<eT>& X,
                                            const gmm_dist_mode& dist_mode) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  const uword X_n_cols = X.n_cols;

  hist.zeros(N_gaus);

  if (N_gaus == 0) {
    return;
  }

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(X_n_cols);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    field<urowvec> thread_hist(n_threads);

    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      thread_hist(t).zeros(N_gaus);
    }

    if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        uword* thread_hist_mem = thread_hist(t).memptr();

        const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
        const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

        for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
          const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

          eT best_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
          uword best_g = 0;

          for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
            const eT tmp_dist =
                distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), X_colptr);

            if (tmp_dist <= best_dist) {
              best_dist = tmp_dist;
              best_g = g;
            }
          }

          thread_hist_mem[best_g]++;
        }
      }
    } else if (dist_mode == prob_dist) {
      const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        uword* thread_hist_mem = thread_hist(t).memptr();

        const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
        const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

        for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
          const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

          eT best_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;
          uword best_g = 0;

          for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
            const eT tmp_p = internal_scalar_log_p(X_colptr, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

            if (tmp_p >= best_p) {
              best_p = tmp_p;
              best_g = g;
            }
          }

          thread_hist_mem[best_g]++;
        }
      }
    }

    // reduction
    hist = thread_hist(0);

    for (uword t = 1; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      hist += thread_hist(t);
    }
  }
#else
  {
    uword* hist_mem = hist.memptr();

    if (dist_mode == eucl_dist) {
      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_dist =
              distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), X_colptr);

          if (tmp_dist <= best_dist) {
            best_dist = tmp_dist;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        hist_mem[best_g]++;
      }
    } else if (dist_mode == prob_dist) {
      const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();

      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT best_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT tmp_p = internal_scalar_log_p(X_colptr, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];

          if (tmp_p >= best_p) {
            best_p = tmp_p;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        hist_mem[best_g]++;
      }
    }
  }
#endif
}

template <typename eT>
template <uword dist_id>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::generate_initial_means(const Mat<eT>& X,
                                                 const gmm_seed_mode& seed_mode) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  if ((seed_mode == static_subset) || (seed_mode == random_subset)) {
    uvec initial_indices;

    if (seed_mode == static_subset) {
      initial_indices = linspace<uvec>(0, X.n_cols - 1, N_gaus);
    } else if (seed_mode == random_subset) {
      initial_indices = randperm<uvec>(X.n_cols, N_gaus);
    }

    // initial_indices.print("initial_indices:");

    access::rw(means) = X.cols(initial_indices);
  } else if ((seed_mode == static_spread) || (seed_mode == random_spread)) {
    // going through all of the samples can be extremely time consuming;
    // instead, if there are enough samples, randomly choose samples with probability 0.1

    const bool use_sampling = ((X.n_cols / uword(100)) > N_gaus);
    const uword step = (use_sampling) ? uword(10) : uword(1);

    uword start_index = 0;

    if (seed_mode == static_spread) {
      start_index = X.n_cols / 2;
    } else if (seed_mode == random_spread) {
      start_index = as_scalar(randi<uvec>(1, distr_param(0, X.n_cols - 1)));
    }

    access::rw(means).col(0) = X.unsafe_col(start_index);

    const eT* mah_aux_mem = mah_aux.memptr();

    running_stat<double> rs;

    for (uword g = 1; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      eT max_dist = eT(0);
      uword best_i = uword(0);
      uword start_i = uword(0);

      if (use_sampling) {
        uword start_i_proposed = uword(0);

        if (seed_mode == static_spread) {
          start_i_proposed = g % uword(10);
        }
        if (seed_mode == random_spread) {
          start_i_proposed = as_scalar(randi<uvec>(1, distr_param(0, 9)));
        }

        if (start_i_proposed < X.n_cols) {
          start_i = start_i_proposed;
        }
      }

      for (uword i = start_i; i < X.n_cols; i += step) {
        rs.reset();

        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        bool ignore_i = false;

        // find the average distance between sample i and the means so far
        for (uword h = 0; h < g; ++h) {
          const eT dist =
              distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(h), mah_aux_mem);

          // ignore sample already selected as a mean
          if (dist == eT(0)) {
            ignore_i = true;
            break;
          } else {
            rs(dist);
          }
        }

        if ((rs.mean() >= max_dist) && (ignore_i == false)) {
          max_dist = eT(rs.mean());
          best_i = i;
        }
      }

      // set the mean to the sample that is the furthest away from the means so far
      access::rw(means).col(g) = X.unsafe_col(best_i);
    }
  }

  // get_cout_stream() << "generate_initial_means():" << '\n';
  // means.print();
}

template <typename eT>
template <uword dist_id>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::generate_initial_params(const Mat<eT>& X, const eT var_floor) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  const eT* mah_aux_mem = mah_aux.memptr();

  const uword X_n_cols = X.n_cols;

  if (X_n_cols == 0) {
    return;
  }

  // as the covariances are calculated via accumulators,
  // the means also need to be calculated via accumulators to ensure numerical consistency

  Mat<eT> acc_means(N_dims, N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());
  Mat<eT> acc_dcovs(N_dims, N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());

  Row<uword> acc_hefts(N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());

  uword* acc_hefts_mem = acc_hefts.memptr();

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
    const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(X_n_cols);

    const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

    field<Mat<eT> > t_acc_means(n_threads);
    field<Mat<eT> > t_acc_dcovs(n_threads);
    field<Row<uword> > t_acc_hefts(n_threads);

    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      t_acc_means(t).zeros(N_dims, N_gaus);
      t_acc_dcovs(t).zeros(N_dims, N_gaus);
      t_acc_hefts(t).zeros(N_gaus);
    }

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      uword* t_acc_hefts_mem = t_acc_hefts(t).memptr();

      const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
      const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

      for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT min_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT dist =
              distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), mah_aux_mem);

          if (dist < min_dist) {
            min_dist = dist;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        eT* t_acc_mean = t_acc_means(t).colptr(best_g);
        eT* t_acc_dcov = t_acc_dcovs(t).colptr(best_g);

        for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
          const eT x_d = X_colptr[d];

          t_acc_mean[d] += x_d;
          t_acc_dcov[d] += x_d * x_d;
        }

        t_acc_hefts_mem[best_g]++;
      }
    }

    // reduction
    acc_means = t_acc_means(0);
    acc_dcovs = t_acc_dcovs(0);
    acc_hefts = t_acc_hefts(0);

    for (uword t = 1; t < n_threads; ++t) {
      acc_means += t_acc_means(t);
      acc_dcovs += t_acc_dcovs(t);
      acc_hefts += t_acc_hefts(t);
    }
  }
#else
  {
    for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
      const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

      eT min_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
      uword best_g = 0;

      for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
        const eT dist =
            distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr, means.colptr(g), mah_aux_mem);

        if (dist < min_dist) {
          min_dist = dist;
          best_g = g;
        }
      }

      eT* acc_mean = acc_means.colptr(best_g);
      eT* acc_dcov = acc_dcovs.colptr(best_g);

      for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
        const eT x_d = X_colptr[d];

        acc_mean[d] += x_d;
        acc_dcov[d] += x_d * x_d;
      }

      acc_hefts_mem[best_g]++;
    }
  }
#endif

  eT* hefts_mem = access::rw(hefts).memptr();

  for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
    const eT* acc_mean = acc_means.colptr(g);
    const eT* acc_dcov = acc_dcovs.colptr(g);
    const uword acc_heft = acc_hefts_mem[g];

    eT* mean = access::rw(means).colptr(g);
    eT* dcov = access::rw(dcovs).colptr(g);

    for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
      const eT tmp = acc_mean[d] / eT(acc_heft);

      mean[d] = (acc_heft >= 1) ? tmp : eT(0);
      dcov[d] = (acc_heft >= 2) ? eT((acc_dcov[d] / eT(acc_heft)) - (tmp * tmp))
                                : eT(var_floor);
    }

    hefts_mem[g] = eT(acc_heft) / eT(X_n_cols);
  }

  em_fix_params(var_floor);
}

//! multi-threaded implementation of k-means, inspired by MapReduce
template <typename eT>
template <uword dist_id>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::km_iterate(const Mat<eT>& X, const uword max_iter,
                                     const bool verbose, const char* signature) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  if (verbose) {
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::showbase);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::uppercase);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::showpos);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::scientific);

    get_cout_stream().setf(ios::right);
    get_cout_stream().setf(ios::fixed);
  }

  const uword X_n_cols = X.n_cols;

  if (X_n_cols == 0) {
    return true;
  }

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  const eT* mah_aux_mem = mah_aux.memptr();

  Mat<eT> acc_means(N_dims, N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());
  Row<uword> acc_hefts(N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());
  Row<uword> last_indx(N_gaus, arma_zeros_indicator());

  Mat<eT> new_means = means;
  Mat<eT> old_means = means;

  running_mean_scalar<eT> rs_delta;

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(X_n_cols);
  const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

  field<Mat<eT> > t_acc_means(n_threads);
  field<Row<uword> > t_acc_hefts(n_threads);
  field<Row<uword> > t_last_indx(n_threads);
#else
  const uword n_threads = 1;
#endif

  if (verbose) {
    get_cout_stream() << signature << ": n_threads: " << n_threads << '\n';
    get_cout_stream().flush();
  }

  for (uword iter = 1; iter <= max_iter; ++iter) {
#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
    {
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        t_acc_means(t).zeros(N_dims, N_gaus);
        t_acc_hefts(t).zeros(N_gaus);
        t_last_indx(t).zeros(N_gaus);
      }

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
      for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        Mat<eT>& t_acc_means_t = t_acc_means(t);
        uword* t_acc_hefts_mem = t_acc_hefts(t).memptr();
        uword* t_last_indx_mem = t_last_indx(t).memptr();

        const uword start_index = boundaries.at(0, t);
        const uword end_index = boundaries.at(1, t);

        for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; ++i) {
          const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

          eT min_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
          uword best_g = 0;

          for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
            const eT dist = distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr,
                                                        old_means.colptr(g), mah_aux_mem);

            if (dist < min_dist) {
              min_dist = dist;
              best_g = g;
            }
          }

          eT* t_acc_mean = t_acc_means_t.colptr(best_g);

          for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
            t_acc_mean[d] += X_colptr[d];
          }

          t_acc_hefts_mem[best_g]++;
          t_last_indx_mem[best_g] = i;
        }
      }

      // reduction

      acc_means = t_acc_means(0);
      acc_hefts = t_acc_hefts(0);

      for (uword t = 1; t < n_threads; ++t) {
        acc_means += t_acc_means(t);
        acc_hefts += t_acc_hefts(t);
      }

      for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g)
        for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; ++t) {
          if (t_acc_hefts(t)(g) >= 1) {
            last_indx(g) = t_last_indx(t)(g);
          }
        }
    }
#else
    {
      acc_hefts.zeros();
      acc_means.zeros();
      last_indx.zeros();

      uword* acc_hefts_mem = acc_hefts.memptr();
      uword* last_indx_mem = last_indx.memptr();

      for (uword i = 0; i < X_n_cols; ++i) {
        const eT* X_colptr = X.colptr(i);

        eT min_dist = Datum<eT>::inf;
        uword best_g = 0;

        for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
          const eT dist = distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, X_colptr,
                                                      old_means.colptr(g), mah_aux_mem);

          if (dist < min_dist) {
            min_dist = dist;
            best_g = g;
          }
        }

        eT* acc_mean = acc_means.colptr(best_g);

        for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
          acc_mean[d] += X_colptr[d];
        }

        acc_hefts_mem[best_g]++;
        last_indx_mem[best_g] = i;
      }
    }
#endif

    // generate new means

    uword* acc_hefts_mem = acc_hefts.memptr();

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      const eT* acc_mean = acc_means.colptr(g);
      const uword acc_heft = acc_hefts_mem[g];

      eT* new_mean = access::rw(new_means).colptr(g);

      for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
        new_mean[d] = (acc_heft >= 1) ? (acc_mean[d] / eT(acc_heft)) : eT(0);
      }
    }

    // heuristics to resurrect dead means

    const uvec dead_gs = find(acc_hefts == uword(0));

    if (dead_gs.n_elem > 0) {
      if (verbose) {
        get_cout_stream() << signature << ": recovering from dead means\n";
        get_cout_stream().flush();
      }

      uword* last_indx_mem = last_indx.memptr();

      const uvec live_gs = sort(find(acc_hefts >= uword(2)), "descend");

      if (live_gs.n_elem == 0) {
        return false;
      }

      uword live_gs_count = 0;

      for (uword dead_gs_count = 0; dead_gs_count < dead_gs.n_elem; ++dead_gs_count) {
        const uword dead_g_id = dead_gs(dead_gs_count);

        uword proposed_i = 0;

        if (live_gs_count < live_gs.n_elem) {
          const uword live_g_id = live_gs(live_gs_count);
          ++live_gs_count;

          if (live_g_id == dead_g_id) {
            return false;
          }

          // recover by using a sample from a known good mean
          proposed_i = last_indx_mem[live_g_id];
        } else {
          // recover by using a randomly seleced sample (last resort)
          proposed_i = as_scalar(randi<uvec>(1, distr_param(0, X_n_cols - 1)));
        }

        if (proposed_i >= X_n_cols) {
          return false;
        }

        new_means.col(dead_g_id) = X.col(proposed_i);
      }
    }

    rs_delta.reset();

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      rs_delta(distance<eT, dist_id>::eval(N_dims, old_means.colptr(g),
                                           new_means.colptr(g), mah_aux_mem));
    }

    if (verbose) {
      get_cout_stream() << signature << ": iteration: ";
      get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::scientific);
      get_cout_stream().setf(ios::fixed);
      get_cout_stream().width(std::streamsize(4));
      get_cout_stream() << iter;
      get_cout_stream() << "   delta: ";
      get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::fixed);
      // get_cout_stream().setf(ios::scientific);
      get_cout_stream() << rs_delta.mean() << '\n';
      get_cout_stream().flush();
    }

    arma::swap(old_means, new_means);

    if (rs_delta.mean() <= Datum<eT>::eps) {
      break;
    }
  }

  access::rw(means) = old_means;

  if (means.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

//! multi-threaded implementation of Expectation-Maximisation, inspired by MapReduce
template <typename eT>
inline bool gmm_diag<eT>::em_iterate(const Mat<eT>& X, const uword max_iter,
                                     const eT var_floor, const bool verbose) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  if (X.n_cols == 0) {
    return true;
  }

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  if (verbose) {
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::showbase);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::uppercase);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::showpos);
    get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::scientific);

    get_cout_stream().setf(ios::right);
    get_cout_stream().setf(ios::fixed);
  }

  const umat boundaries = internal_gen_boundaries(X.n_cols);

  const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

  field<Mat<eT> > t_acc_means(n_threads);
  field<Mat<eT> > t_acc_dcovs(n_threads);

  field<Col<eT> > t_acc_norm_lhoods(n_threads);
  field<Col<eT> > t_gaus_log_lhoods(n_threads);

  Col<eT> t_progress_log_lhood(n_threads, arma_nozeros_indicator());

  for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; t++) {
    t_acc_means[t].set_size(N_dims, N_gaus);
    t_acc_dcovs[t].set_size(N_dims, N_gaus);

    t_acc_norm_lhoods[t].set_size(N_gaus);
    t_gaus_log_lhoods[t].set_size(N_gaus);
  }

  if (verbose) {
    get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::learn(): EM: n_threads: " << n_threads << '\n';
  }

  eT old_avg_log_p = -Datum<eT>::inf;

  for (uword iter = 1; iter <= max_iter; ++iter) {
    init_constants();

    em_update_params(X, boundaries, t_acc_means, t_acc_dcovs, t_acc_norm_lhoods,
                     t_gaus_log_lhoods, t_progress_log_lhood);

    em_fix_params(var_floor);

    const eT new_avg_log_p = accu(t_progress_log_lhood) / eT(t_progress_log_lhood.n_elem);

    if (verbose) {
      get_cout_stream() << "gmm_diag::learn(): EM: iteration: ";
      get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::scientific);
      get_cout_stream().setf(ios::fixed);
      get_cout_stream().width(std::streamsize(4));
      get_cout_stream() << iter;
      get_cout_stream() << "   avg_log_p: ";
      get_cout_stream().unsetf(ios::fixed);
      // get_cout_stream().setf(ios::scientific);
      get_cout_stream() << new_avg_log_p << '\n';
      get_cout_stream().flush();
    }

    if (arma_isfinite(new_avg_log_p) == false) {
      return false;
    }

    if (std::abs(old_avg_log_p - new_avg_log_p) <= Datum<eT>::eps) {
      break;
    }

    old_avg_log_p = new_avg_log_p;
  }

  if (any(vectorise(dcovs) <= eT(0))) {
    return false;
  }
  if (means.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    return false;
  }
  if (dcovs.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    return false;
  }
  if (hefts.internal_has_nonfinite()) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::em_update_params(const Mat<eT>& X, const umat& boundaries,
                                           field<Mat<eT> >& t_acc_means,
                                           field<Mat<eT> >& t_acc_dcovs,
                                           field<Col<eT> >& t_acc_norm_lhoods,
                                           field<Col<eT> >& t_gaus_log_lhoods,
                                           Col<eT>& t_progress_log_lhood) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword n_threads = boundaries.n_cols;

  // em_generate_acc() is the "map" operation, which produces partial accumulators for
  // means, diagonal covariances and hefts

#if defined(ARMA_USE_OPENMP)
  {
#pragma omp parallel for schedule(static)
    for (uword t = 0; t < n_threads; t++) {
      Mat<eT>& acc_means = t_acc_means[t];
      Mat<eT>& acc_dcovs = t_acc_dcovs[t];
      Col<eT>& acc_norm_lhoods = t_acc_norm_lhoods[t];
      Col<eT>& gaus_log_lhoods = t_gaus_log_lhoods[t];
      eT& progress_log_lhood = t_progress_log_lhood[t];

      em_generate_acc(X, boundaries.at(0, t), boundaries.at(1, t), acc_means, acc_dcovs,
                      acc_norm_lhoods, gaus_log_lhoods, progress_log_lhood);
    }
  }
#else
  {
    em_generate_acc(X, boundaries.at(0, 0), boundaries.at(1, 0), t_acc_means[0],
                    t_acc_dcovs[0], t_acc_norm_lhoods[0], t_gaus_log_lhoods[0],
                    t_progress_log_lhood[0]);
  }
#endif

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  Mat<eT>& final_acc_means = t_acc_means[0];
  Mat<eT>& final_acc_dcovs = t_acc_dcovs[0];

  Col<eT>& final_acc_norm_lhoods = t_acc_norm_lhoods[0];

  // the "reduce" operation, which combines the partial accumulators produced by the
  // separate threads

  for (uword t = 1; t < n_threads; t++) {
    final_acc_means += t_acc_means[t];
    final_acc_dcovs += t_acc_dcovs[t];

    final_acc_norm_lhoods += t_acc_norm_lhoods[t];
  }

  eT* hefts_mem = access::rw(hefts).memptr();

  //// update each component without sanity checking
  // for(uword g=0; g < N_gaus; ++g)
  //   {
  //   const eT acc_norm_lhood = (std::max)( final_acc_norm_lhoods[g],
  //   std::numeric_limits<eT>::min() );
  //
  //   eT* mean_mem = access::rw(means).colptr(g);
  //   eT* dcov_mem = access::rw(dcovs).colptr(g);
  //
  //   eT* acc_mean_mem = final_acc_means.colptr(g);
  //   eT* acc_dcov_mem = final_acc_dcovs.colptr(g);
  //
  //   hefts_mem[g] = acc_norm_lhood / eT(X.n_cols);
  //
  //   for(uword d=0; d < N_dims; ++d)
  //     {
  //     const eT tmp = acc_mean_mem[d] / acc_norm_lhood;
  //
  //     mean_mem[d] = tmp;
  //     dcov_mem[d] = acc_dcov_mem[d] / acc_norm_lhood - tmp*tmp;
  //     }
  //   }

  // conditionally update each component;  if only a subset of the hefts was updated,
  // em_fix_params() will sanitise them
  for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
    const eT acc_norm_lhood =
        (std::max)(final_acc_norm_lhoods[g], std::numeric_limits<eT>::min());

    if (arma_isfinite(acc_norm_lhood) == false) {
      continue;
    }

    eT* acc_mean_mem = final_acc_means.colptr(g);
    eT* acc_dcov_mem = final_acc_dcovs.colptr(g);

    bool ok = true;

    for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
      const eT tmp1 = acc_mean_mem[d] / acc_norm_lhood;
      const eT tmp2 = acc_dcov_mem[d] / acc_norm_lhood - tmp1 * tmp1;

      acc_mean_mem[d] = tmp1;
      acc_dcov_mem[d] = tmp2;

      if (arma_isfinite(tmp2) == false) {
        ok = false;
      }
    }

    if (ok) {
      hefts_mem[g] = acc_norm_lhood / eT(X.n_cols);

      eT* mean_mem = access::rw(means).colptr(g);
      eT* dcov_mem = access::rw(dcovs).colptr(g);

      for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
        mean_mem[d] = acc_mean_mem[d];
        dcov_mem[d] = acc_dcov_mem[d];
      }
    }
  }
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::em_generate_acc(const Mat<eT>& X, const uword start_index,
                                          const uword end_index, Mat<eT>& acc_means,
                                          Mat<eT>& acc_dcovs, Col<eT>& acc_norm_lhoods,
                                          Col<eT>& gaus_log_lhoods,
                                          eT& progress_log_lhood) const {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  progress_log_lhood = eT(0);

  acc_means.zeros();
  acc_dcovs.zeros();

  acc_norm_lhoods.zeros();
  gaus_log_lhoods.zeros();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  const eT* log_hefts_mem = log_hefts.memptr();
  eT* gaus_log_lhoods_mem = gaus_log_lhoods.memptr();

  for (uword i = start_index; i <= end_index; i++) {
    const eT* x = X.colptr(i);

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      gaus_log_lhoods_mem[g] = internal_scalar_log_p(x, g) + log_hefts_mem[g];
    }

    eT log_lhood_sum = gaus_log_lhoods_mem[0];

    for (uword g = 1; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      log_lhood_sum = priv::internal_log_add_exp(log_lhood_sum, gaus_log_lhoods_mem[g]);
    }

    progress_log_lhood += log_lhood_sum;

    for (uword g = 0; g < N_gaus; ++g) {
      const eT norm_lhood = std::exp(gaus_log_lhoods_mem[g] - log_lhood_sum);

      acc_norm_lhoods[g] += norm_lhood;

      eT* acc_mean_mem = acc_means.colptr(g);
      eT* acc_dcov_mem = acc_dcovs.colptr(g);

      for (uword d = 0; d < N_dims; ++d) {
        const eT x_d = x[d];
        const eT y_d = x_d * norm_lhood;

        acc_mean_mem[d] += y_d;
        acc_dcov_mem[d] += y_d * x_d;  // equivalent to x_d * x_d * norm_lhood
      }
    }
  }

  progress_log_lhood /= eT((end_index - start_index) + 1);
}

template <typename eT>
inline void gmm_diag<eT>::em_fix_params(const eT var_floor) {
  arma_debug_sigprint();

  const uword N_dims = means.n_rows;
  const uword N_gaus = means.n_cols;

  const eT var_ceiling = std::numeric_limits<eT>::max();

  const uword dcovs_n_elem = dcovs.n_elem;
  eT* dcovs_mem = access::rw(dcovs).memptr();

  for (uword i = 0; i < dcovs_n_elem; ++i) {
    eT& var_val = dcovs_mem[i];

    if (var_val < var_floor) {
      var_val = var_floor;
    } else if (var_val > var_ceiling) {
      var_val = var_ceiling;
    } else if (arma_isnan(var_val)) {
      var_val = eT(1);
    }
  }

  eT* hefts_mem = access::rw(hefts).memptr();

  for (uword g1 = 0; g1 < N_gaus; ++g1) {
    if (hefts_mem[g1] > eT(0)) {
      const eT* means_colptr_g1 = means.colptr(g1);

      for (uword g2 = (g1 + 1); g2 < N_gaus; ++g2) {
        if ((hefts_mem[g2] > eT(0)) && (std::abs(hefts_mem[g1] - hefts_mem[g2]) <=
                                        std::numeric_limits<eT>::epsilon())) {
          const eT dist = distance<eT, 1>::eval(N_dims, means_colptr_g1, means.colptr(g2),
                                                means_colptr_g1);

          if (dist == eT(0)) {
            hefts_mem[g2] = eT(0);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  const eT heft_floor = std::numeric_limits<eT>::min();
  const eT heft_initial = eT(1) / eT(N_gaus);

  for (uword i = 0; i < N_gaus; ++i) {
    eT& heft_val = hefts_mem[i];

    if (heft_val < heft_floor) {
      heft_val = heft_floor;
    } else if (heft_val > eT(1)) {
      heft_val = eT(1);
    } else if (arma_isnan(heft_val)) {
      heft_val = heft_initial;
    }
  }

  const eT heft_sum = accu(hefts);

  if ((heft_sum < (eT(1) - Datum<eT>::eps)) || (heft_sum > (eT(1) + Datum<eT>::eps))) {
    access::rw(hefts) /= heft_sum;
  }
}

}  // namespace gmm_priv

//! @}
