# Support a New Data Model

## Overview

Currently, ReviewR is capable of displaying patient information from databases that conform to the MIMIC-III and OMOP data models. However, we recognize that clinical data can be stored in a variety of different formats. Accordingly, ReviewR can be extended to display patient data for additional data models. This vignette is organized into two main sections focused on the mechanics of data model support in ReviewR and how to add support for new data models:

- ReviewR Data Model Support - Describes how different data models are supported by ReviewR
- Adding Support for a New Data Model - How to add support for a new data model to ReviewR

## ReviewR Data Model Support

A data model defines the tables and fields that are contained within a database. These definitions are typically described in a schema file, which provides a full listing of the tables and fields contained within a database. ReviewR uses the definitions stored in a data model schema file to select an appropriate set of internal ReviewR functions to display the patient information that is presented on the “Chart Review” tab. In ReviewR, these functions are referred to as “table functions,” as they are responsible for querying, formatting, downloading and ultimately displaying patient information from the tables in your connected clinical database. These special functions are dynamically selected based on the data model that is detected when connecting.

In order for ReviewR to display patient data stored in other data models, support must be added. Developing support for additional data models requires some understanding of two ReviewR’s mechanics:

1. Data Model Detection: ReviewR must be able to detect the patient data model of the connected database.
   - A schema file is required to add support for custom data models. Schema files must be CSV formatted and contain two columns: table and field. These columns must contain a pairwise combination of every table and field in the target data model.
2. Data Model Display: ReviewR requires a set of “table functions” specific to a detected data model to define every aspect of how the patient data is displayed.
   - Table functions must follow the table function naming convention.

These components will be discussed in the sections that follow.

### Data Model Detection

When a database connection is established, ReviewR will use the connection information supplied from the database connection module to interrogate the connected database and attempt to determine the data model and data model version. ReviewR accomplishes this task by discovering the table and field names of the connected database and comparing them with data model specifications that have been built into the ReviewR package. The built in data model that has the most matching table/field combinations to the connected database will be identified as the currently connected data model.

If data model detection is successful, ReviewR will select the appropriate table functions that have been built into the package that correspond to the detected data model to display the information stored in the database tables. Additionally, ReviewR calculates an internal variable, called table_map which will be used to map the table and field combinations in the connected database back to corresponding table and fields of the detected data model specification. This allows for case insensitive matching between between the data model specification and the connected database.

If however, ReviewR fails to identify enough table and field matches to data models with existing ReviewR support, data model detection will fail, and ReviewR will be unable to display patient information from your connected database. An error message will be presented upon connection, notifying you of this.

To see a list of currently supported database specifications in ReviewR, run:

    library(ReviewR)
    ReviewR::supported_data_models
    #> # A tibble: 12 × 4
    #> # Groups:   file_path, data_model, model_version [12]
    #>    data_model model_version data               file_path
    #>    <chr>      <chr>         <list>             <chr>
    #>  1 mimic3     "v1.4"        <tibble [332 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/mimic3_v1.4…
    #>  2 mimic3     ""            <tibble [333 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/mimic3.csv
    #>  3 omop       "v4"          <tibble [49 × 8]>  data-raw/data_models/omop_v4.csv
    #>  4 omop       "v5.0.1"      <tibble [328 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.0.1…
    #>  5 omop       "v5.1.0"      <tibble [339 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.1.0…
    #>  6 omop       "v5.1.1"      <tibble [339 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.1.1…
    #>  7 omop       "v5.2"        <tibble [365 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.2_b…
    #>  8 omop       "v5.2.0"      <tibble [334 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.2.0…
    #>  9 omop       "v5.2.2"      <tibble [363 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.2.2…
    #> 10 omop       "v5.3.0"      <tibble [407 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.3.0…
    #> 11 omop       "v5.3.1"      <tibble [407 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v5.3.1…
    #> 12 omop       "v6.0"        <tibble [427 × 8]> data-raw/data_models/omop_v6.0.c…

A data frame with 4 columns will be returned:

- data_model: The data model name
- model_version: The data model version
- data: A nested data frame with the schema of the data model itself
  - This schema information comes from CSV files that may be built into the ReviewR package
- file_path: The file path* of the data source

*Note: The data-raw file path is only available when forking the ReviewR repository from GitHub.

#### Schema Files

Data model specifications are provided by schema files which are comma separated values (CSV) formatted files that contain at least two columns, `table` and `field`, which identify every field for every table in the data model. If you are using a common data model, they may be available from the consortium that define the data model standards. If obtained from a developer, these files may include additional information beyond the required table and field designations. These files may still be used, but additional descriptors will be ignored. The schema file for the OMOP CDM v5.3.0 is provided as an example:

Table 1: OMOP v5.3.0 Schema obtained from OHDSI

Files such as these can be built into the ReviewR package, so that it may identify additional data models and display the corresponding patient information.

### Data Model Display

Displaying patient data from other data models is made possible by developing “table functions” which are incorporated into the ReviewR package namespace. Functions provide a convenient way to code table representations, as they can accept data model and connection info from ReviewR as variables. Additionally all of the necessary code required to display your data model tables exists in one place easily modifiable place. Writing functions is hard! Writing good functions takes a lot of practice. Do not use the ReviewR code base as a guide for good function writing. Instead, take a look at https://r4ds.had.co.nz/functions.html for information on how to write good functions.

Patient information tabsets on the “Chart Review” tab of ReviewR are generated by table functions.

Once ReviewR has determined data model and version of the user database, it will search for appropriately named functions that can be used to download and display the information contained within the connected data model. These table functions must be named according to a specific naming convention.

Two convenience functions have been included with ReviewR to assist in developing the required table functions for your data model: `user_table` and `user_field`. These functions allow for table functions to be coded by requesting the desired table name from the schema file. ReviewR then performs case insensitive matching to the appropriate table/field in the user’s connected data using the table_map variable as discussed previously.

When developing table functions for ReviewR, there are two different types of table functions that must be considered. The first, is the table function that will be responsible for generating the information on the “Patient Search” tab, which contains demographic information for every patient in the database. In ReviewR terminology, this is referred to as the “All Patients” 1 table.

For example, in the OMOP data model, demographic information is contained within the “person” table. An “All Patients” table function that could be used to display this information on the “Patient Search” tab could take the following form:

    omop_table_all_patients <- function(table_map, db_connection) {
      user_table(table_map, db_connection, 'person') %>%
        mutate(ID = user_field(table_map, 'person', 'person_id')) %>%
        collect()
    }

The above will retrieve the “person” table in the user connected database, using the table_map and db_connection variables to locate the correct table and securely access the database, respectively. These variables are supplied by ReviewR and should be used as arguments to this function. Additionally, the column containing your data model’s subject id (record id, patient id, person id, Medical Record Number, etc.) must be renamed to ‘ID’. In the OMOP data model, this field is coded as ‘person_id’. Using the `user_field` function, we can locate the field of interest in our connected data by supplying the function with: the table_map variable, the table we know the field to exist in, and the field we’d like to retrieve. We can then transform this column name to ID using the `mutate` function. This informs ReviewR that when a user selects this ID column, all information on the “Chart Review” Tab will need to be filtered to the identifier selected from this column.

The second type of table function will be responsible for displaying the clinical data as depicted on the “Chart Review” tab. In most clinical data models, any given table will contain a particular type of patient information for every patient in the data set. Thus, information in these tables must be filtered down to a singular subject, usually by a numeric identifier. In addition to the table_map and db_connection variables, these “Subject Specific” 2 table functions must accept an additional subject_id argument:

    omop_table_condition_occurrence <- function(table_map, db_connection, subject_id) {
      user_table(table_map, db_connection, 'person') %>%
        filter(ID == subject_id) %>%
        collect()
    }

This function will retrieve the “condition occurrence” table from the connected database, filtered to contain only the conditions that pertain to the selected subject.

#### Table Function Naming Convention

Table functions have a standard naming convention, which allows for them to be associated with the currently detected data model. Functions used to render patient tables must have the following format: `{data-model-name}_table_{table-name}`. They start with the name of the data model (no spaces, dashes, or underscores are allowed, though CamelCase is acceptable) followed by “_table” and then end with the name of the table you would like to display (long table names may include underscores). This last bit of the function name will become the label of the tabset on the “Chart Review” tab in ReviewR. When developing table functions for a particular data model, there must be exactly 1 function that codes for the “All Patients” table (function name ending in ’_all_patients’) and any number of additional “Subject Specific” table functions.

As an example, say you would like to add support for the PCORnet data model to ReviewR. After you have added a schema file for the PCORnet version that you would like to support, you will have to create an “all patients” table function and 1 or more “subject specific” table functions. In PCORnet, patient demographic information is stored in the “DEMOGRAPHICS” table, but this is irrelevant for the function name that will ultimately connect to this table. The appropriate name for the “all patients” table function would be: `PCORnet_table_all_patients`. This function will contain code that connects to the “DEMOGRAPHICS” table, and will be used to display the patient list on the “Patient Search” tab of ReviewR.

Additional “subject specific” table functions will need to be created to display information on the “Chart Review” tab of ReviewR. For example, an appropriate name for the “ENCOUNTER” table function would be: `PCORnet_table_ENCOUNTER`. This would add a tabset to the “Chart Review” tab of ReviewR with the label “Encounter.”

This naming convention ensures that when ReviewR detects that a PCORnet database is connected, all functions beginning with `PCORnet_table_` will be available to display the patient information. Once table functions have been created for a data model, all functions that have been developed will displayed as tabs in the Chart Review section of ReviewR when the new data model is detected.

## Adding Support for a New Data Model

ReviewR has been developed as a package utilizing the golem framework. Essentially, this means that the Shiny application is organized in such a way that all major application features are provided by functions. These functions are disambiguated from other functions in your R package library because they exported with the ReviewR package’s namespace. This also helps ReviewR to access the functionality of other packages through namespace imports.

The advantages to this approach include ease of distribution, providing inline application documentation, and providing a reasonable expectation of installation/deployment success across different operating systems and server environments. To learn more about package namespaces, please see: https://r-pkgs.org/namespace.html

This does however introduce some additional caveats to the development process. The main caveat to be aware of when developing for ReviewR is that any changes made to ReviewR’s code will not immediately be reflected the next time the application is launched. The reasons for this are fairly technical, but the root of the issue is that new changes must be explicitly added to the package namespace. Golem provides a function that will both update any necessary documentation and load all of the development changes since the last save into the active R session, so that new changes to the code can be tested without having to rebuild and install each time a change is made. After making code modifications, simply run `golem::document_and_reload()` to make the new changes available the next time the application is launched.

For additional information about developing an R Shiny application with `golem`, please see: https://engineering-shiny.org/index.html

### Getting Started

First ensure you have access to the latest development tools and file structure of the ReviewR package, fork ReviewR from GitHub. For simplicity, the home directory is specified as a destination directory:

    # install.packages('usethis')
    usethis::create_from_github(repo_spec = 'thewileylab/ReviewR', destdir = '~/')

Please see this guide if you have trouble connecting RStudio with Git. It is also possible to fork this repository directly from GitHub if all else fails.

IMPORTANT: If you think you would like to contribute data model support to the ReviewR project, start a new branch to hold your development work. However, if these changes are only for your own use or for a custom data model that does not have widespread use cases, feel free to perform your development work using the default branch.

Navigate to the forked repository and open the `ReviewR.Rproj` file. This will open the project in RStudio. Finally, using the devtools package run:

    # install.packages('devtools')
    devtools::load_all()

You are now ready to begin the developing support for a new data model.

### Required Information

To begin, either obtain or create a schema file for the data model that you would like to support. As stated previously, this file must be CSV formatted and contain two columns labeled table and field. The contents of this file will be a pairwise combination of every table/field in your target data model.

### How to Add a New Data Model

A convenience function has been built into ReviewR to assist with the task of adding support for additional data models: `dev_add_data_model()`.

This function is accepts a single argument, the path to a schema file on your local machine. This function is intended for development purposes, and as such, it must be run by appending 3 colons (:::) after the package name, as in the following example:

    ReviewR:::dev_add_data_model(csv = 'path/to/schema/file.csv')

When run, this function will process the information stored in the specified schema file and prompt you for some basic information pertaining to the data model that you are attempting to add support for. The first prompt that you will encounter is to identify which table contains a listing of all patients. A listing of every table in the schema file will be presented in the viewer pane of RStudio for you to browse and locate the table containing the requested information. Enter the number that corresponds to the correct table in the console and press return to proceed.

Next, you will be asked which field contains the patient identifier in the schema file. A listing of distinct fields will be presented in the viewer pane. Locate the desired field and enter its numeric representation into the console, followed by return.

At this point, the function has all of the information that it needs to add very basic support for your data model to ReviewR. The schema file will automatically be added to the list of supported data models and a R file containing pre populated table functions will open with some very basic table representations coded. At this point, you may want to customize the representation for each table to your liking.

If your data model is simple, and each table stands on its own, ie. it does not contain relational information, you are done! Save your changes to the table function file and run:

    golem::document_and_reload()

To incorporate your new data model support into ReviewR.

If however your data model is relational, such as with OMOP (and others) you may have additional work to do. It is important to note that the `dev_add_data_model` function will create a skeleton function for every table contained within your schema CSV file. This is often not appropriate for relational databases, as certain tables do not contain actual patient information, but rather hold information about data stored in other tables.

In OMOP, this is seen most often with the concept table. The concept table, on its own is likely not a table you’d like to display in ReviewR, and would need to be manually removed from the resulting table functions file as generated by `dev_add_data_model`. However, almost every other table in the OMOP data model will require a join with the concept table in order to access the patient information. Therefore, table functions will need to be modified to make the appropriate joins on the concept table. For example:

    omop_table_all_patients <- function(table_map, db_connection) {
      user_table(table_map, db_connection, 'person') %>%
        mutate(ID = user_field(table_map, 'person', 'person_id')) %>%
        left_join(user_table(table_map, db_connection, 'person'),
                  by=setNames(user_field(table_map, 'person', 'gender_concept_id'), user_field(table_map, 'concept', 'concept_id'))
                  ) %>%
        collect()
    }

The above will add the human readable representation of the subjects gender to the ‘person’ table, rather than the numeric concept that is stored in the “person” table. For additional information on the OMOP data model, please consult the OHDSI OMOP website.

When developing, it is important to be aware of these relationships so that appropriate joins can be made to correctly the display the information properly to the user. Tables which contain relational information need not be displayed on the Chart Review Tab, and the table function skeletons created by the dev function may safely be removed.

### Developing/Testing

When making modifications to the template provided by `dev_add_data_model`, feel free to `select()`, `filter()`, `mutate()`, or otherwise modify the appearance of the patient data such that it displays how you want it to look on the Chart Review tab. The `dplyr` package has been declared as an import in the table function skeleton, so that the many `dplyr` manipulations may be included in your development. Please leave the `collect()` part of the dplyr chain that has been added, as data needs to be downloaded to ReviewR in order to be displayed.

When you are ready to test these table functions within ReviewR, run:

    golem::document_and_reload()
    ReviewR::run_app()

This will incorporate your newly developed functions into the active R Session and launch the application so that you can connect to your database and view your new data model within ReviewR. Remember, after any change to the table functions you will have to run `golem::document_and_reload()`

### Finishing up

Once you are satisfied with your table functions and have sufficiently tested their functionality, run:

    devtools::install()

This will install a new, custom version of the ReviewR package with your newly incorporated data model and supporting table functions.

If you have developed support for an additional data model using this vignette, and would like to contribute to the ReviewR project, we ask that you please consider submitting your work as a pull request. Please follow this excellent pull request guide if you would like to contribute your modifications to the ReviewR package:

- https://usethis.r-lib.org/articles/articles/pr-functions.html

1. The “All Patients’ table function will be used to render the patients displayed in the ‘Patient Search’ Section of ReviewR and must use the following naming convention: `{data-model-name}_table_all_patients`↩︎

2. “Subject Specific” tables will make up the tabsets that appear in the “Chart Review” tab of ReviewR. The function will then extract the information for the selected patient and each tabset displayed in ReviewR will only contain information from the subject that has been selected in the Patient Search Section. These functions follow following naming convention:`{data-model-name}_table_{table-name}`↩︎