@article{corbelFieldEfficacyNew2010,
  title = {Field Efficacy of a New Mosaic Long-Lasting Mosquito Net ({{PermaNet}} 3.0) against Pyrethroid-Resistant Malaria Vectors: A Multi Centre Study in {{Western}} and {{Central Africa}}},
  shorttitle = {Field Efficacy of a New Mosaic Long-Lasting Mosquito Net ({{PermaNet}} 3.0) against Pyrethroid-Resistant Malaria Vectors},
  author = {Corbel, Vincent and Chabi, Joseph and Dabir{\'e}, Roch K. and Etang, Josiane and Nwane, Philippe and Pigeon, Olivier and Akogbeto, Martin and Hougard, Jean-Marc},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Malaria Journal},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {113},
  issn = {1475-2875},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-2875-9-113},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to the spread of pyrethroid-resistance in malaria vectors in Africa, new strategies and tools are urgently needed to better control malaria transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of a new mosaic long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN), i.e. PermaNet 3.0, against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in West and Central Africa. METHODS: A multi centre experimental hut trial was conducted in Malanville (Benin), Vall{\'e}e du Kou (Burkina Faso) and Pitoa (Cameroon) to investigate the exophily, blood feeding inhibition and mortality induced by PermaNet 3.0 (i.e. a mosaic net containing piperonyl butoxide and deltamethrin on the roof) comparatively to the WHO recommended PermaNet 2.0 (unwashed and washed 20-times) and a conventionally deltamethrin-treated net (CTN). RESULTS: The personal protection and insecticidal activity of PermaNet 3.0 and PermaNet 2.0 were excellent ({$>$}80\%) in the "pyrethroid-tolerant" area of Malanville. In the pyrethroid-resistance areas of Pitoa (metabolic resistance) and Vall{\'e}e du Kou (presence of the L1014F kdr mutation), PermaNet 3.0 showed equal or better performances than PermaNet 2.0. It should be noted however that the deltamethrin content on PermaNet 3.0 was up to twice higher than that of PermaNet 2.0. Significant reduction of efficacy of both LLIN was noted after 20 washes although PermaNet 3.0 still fulfilled the WHO requirement for LLIN. CONCLUSION: The use of combination nets for malaria control offers promising prospects. However, further investigations are needed to demonstrate the benefits of using PermaNet 3.0 for the control of pyrethroid resistant mosquito populations in Africa.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Insecticide-Treated Bednets,*Insecticides,*Pyrethrins,Animals,Anopheles,Anopheles gambiae/*drug effects,Benin,BENIN,Burkina Faso,BURKINA FASO,Cameroon,Feeding Behavior,Feeding Behavior/drug effects,Humans,Insecticide resistance,Insecticide Resistance,Insecticide-Treated Bednets,Insecticides,Laundering,Malaria,Malaria/parasitology/*prevention & control,Mosquito Control,Mosquito Control/*methods,Pyrethrins},
  file = {/home/nicolasmoiroux/Zotero/storage/9X7PCVSR/Corbel et al. - 2010 - Field efficacy of a new mosaic long-lasting mosqui.pdf}
}

@article{geissbuhlerInterdependenceDomesticMalaria2007,
  title = {Interdependence of Domestic Malaria Prevention Measures and Mosquito-Human Interactions in Urban {{Dar}} Es {{Salaam}}, {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Geissb{\"u}hler, Yvonne and Chaki, Prosper and Emidi, Basiliana and Govella, Nicodemus J. and Shirima, Rudolf and Mayagaya, Valeliana and Mtasiwa, Deo and Mshinda, Hassan and Fillinger, Ulrike and Lindsay, Steven W. and Kannady, Khadija and {de Castro}, Marcia Caldas and Tanner, Marcel and Killeen, Gerry F.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Malaria Journal},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {126},
  issn = {1475-2875},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-2875-6-126},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Successful malaria vector control depends on understanding behavioural interactions between mosquitoes and humans, which are highly setting-specific and may have characteristic features in urban environments. Here mosquito biting patterns in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania are examined and the protection against exposure to malaria transmission that is afforded to residents by using an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is estimated. METHODS: Mosquito biting activity over the course of the night was estimated by human landing catch in 216 houses and 1,064 residents were interviewed to determine usage of protection measures and the proportion of each hour of the night spent sleeping indoors, awake indoors, and outdoors. RESULTS: Hourly variations in biting activity by members of the Anopheles gambiae complex were consistent with classical reports but the proportion of these vectors caught outdoors in Dar es Salaam was almost double that of rural Tanzania. Overall, ITNs confer less protection against exophagic vectors in Dar es Salaam than in rural southern Tanzania (59\% versus 70\%). More alarmingly, a biting activity maximum that precedes 10 pm and much lower levels of ITN protection against exposure (38\%) were observed for Anopheles arabiensis, a vector of modest importance locally, but which predominates transmission in large parts of Africa. CONCLUSION: In a situation of changing mosquito and human behaviour, ITNs may confer lower, but still useful, levels of personal protection which can be complemented by communal transmission suppression at high coverage. Mosquito-proofing houses appeared to be the intervention of choice amongst residents and further options for preventing outdoor transmission include larviciding and environmental management.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animals,Humans,Insect Bites and Stings,Insect Bites and Stings/*prevention & control,Malaria,Malaria/*prevention & control,Mosquito Control,Mosquito Control/*methods,Population Density,Tanzania}
}

@article{killeenQuantifyingBehaviouralInteractions2006,
  title = {Quantifying Behavioural Interactions between Humans and Mosquitoes: Evaluating the Protective Efficacy of Insecticidal Nets against Malaria Transmission in Rural {{Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Quantifying Behavioural Interactions between Humans and Mosquitoes},
  author = {Killeen, Gerry F. and Kihonda, Japhet and Lyimo, Edith and Oketch, Fred R. and Kotas, Maya E. and Mathenge, Evan and Schellenberg, Joanna A. and Lengeler, Christian and Smith, Thomas A. and Drakeley, Chris J.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {161},
  issn = {1471-2334},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2334-6-161},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: African malaria vectors bite predominantly indoors at night so sleeping under an Insecticide-Treated Net (ITN) can greatly reduce malaria risk. Behavioural adaptation by mosquitoes to increasing ITN coverage could allow vector mosquitoes to bite outside of peak sleeping hours and undermine efficacy of this key malaria prevention measure. METHODS: High coverage with largely untreated nets has been achieved in the Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania through social marketing programmes. Direct surveys of nightly biting activity by An. gambiae Giles were conducted in the area before (1997) and after (2004) implementation of ITN promotion. A novel analytical model was applied to estimate the effective protection provided by an ITN, based on published experimental hut trials combined with questionnaire surveys of human sleeping behaviour and recorded mosquito biting patterns. RESULTS: An. gambiae was predominantly endophagic and nocturnal in both surveys: Approximately 90\% and 80\% of exposure occurred indoors and during peak sleeping hours, respectively. ITNs consistently conferred {$>$}70\% protection against exposure to malaria transmission for users relative to non-users. CONCLUSION: As ITN coverage increases, behavioural adaptation by mosquitoes remains a future possibility. The approach described allows comparison of mosquito biting patterns and ITN efficacy at multiple study sites and times. Initial results indicate ITNs remain highly effective and should remain a top-priority intervention. Combined with recently developed transmission models, this approach allows rapid, informative and cost-effective preliminary comparison of diverse control strategies in terms of protection against exposure before more costly and intensive clinical trials.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*Bedding and Linens,*Insecticides,*Rural Health,Animals,Bedding and Linens,Clinical Trials as Topic,Culicidae,Humans,Insect Bites and Stings,Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology/prevention & control,Insecticides,Malaria,Malaria/*prevention & control/*transmission,Mosquito Control,Mosquito Control/*methods,Rural Health,Tanzania}
}

@article{moirouxHumanExposureEarly2014,
  title = {Human Exposure to Early Morning {{Anopheles}} Funestus Biting Behavior and Personal Protection Provided by Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets},
  author = {Moiroux, Nicolas and Damien, Georgia B. and Egrot, Marc and Djenontin, Armel and Chandre, Fabrice and Corbel, Vincent and Killeen, Gerry F. and Pennetier, C{\'e}dric},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {PloS One},
  volume = {9},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e104967},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0104967},
  abstract = {A shift towards early morning biting behavior of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus have been observed in two villages in south Benin following distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), but the impact of these changes on the personal protection efficacy of LLINs was not evaluated. Data from human and An. funestus behavioral surveys were used to measure the human exposure to An. funestus bites through previously described mathematical models. We estimated the personal protection efficacy provided by LLINs and the proportions of exposure to bite occurring indoors and/or in the early morning. Average personal protection provided by using of LLIN was high ({$\geq$}80\% of the total exposure to bite), but for LLIN users, a large part of remaining exposure occurred outdoors (45.1\% in Tokoli-V and 68.7\% in Lokohou{\'e}) and/or in the early morning (38.5\% in Tokoli-V and 69.4\% in Lokohou{\'e}). This study highlights the crucial role of LLIN use and the possible need to develop new vector control strategies targeting malaria vectors with outdoor and early morning biting behavior. This multidisciplinary approach that supplements entomology with social science and mathematical modeling illustrates just how important it is to assess where and when humans are actually exposed to malaria vectors before vector control program managers, policy-makers and funders conclude what entomological observations imply.},
  langid = {english}
}
