// SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0-or-later
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Bradley M. Bell <bradbell@seanet.com>
// SPDX-FileContributor: 2003-22 Bradley M. Bell
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*
{xrst_begin bender_quad.cpp app}
{xrst_spell
   argmin
}

BenderQuad: Example and Test
############################

Define
:math:`F : \B{R} \times \B{R} \rightarrow \B{R}` by

.. math::

   F(x, y)
   =
   \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^N [ y * \sin ( x * t_i ) - z_i ]^2

where :math:`z \in \B{R}^N` is a fixed vector.
It follows that

.. math::
   :nowrap:

   \begin{eqnarray}
   \partial_y F(x, y)
   & = &
   \sum_{i=1}^N [ y * \sin ( x * t_i ) - z_i ] \sin( x * t_i )
   \\
   \partial_y \partial_y F(x, y)
   & = &
   \sum_{i=1}^N \sin ( x t_i )^2
   \end{eqnarray}

Furthermore if we define :math:`Y(x)`
as the argmin of :math:`F(x, y)` with respect to :math:`y`,

.. math::
   :nowrap:

   \begin{eqnarray}
   Y(x)
   & = &
   y - [ \partial_y \partial_y F(x, y) ]^{-1} \partial_y F[x,  y]
   \\
   & = &
   \left.
      \sum_{i=1}^N z_i \sin ( x t_i )
         \right/
            \sum_{i=1}^N z_i \sin ( x * t_i )^2
   \end{eqnarray}

{xrst_literal
   // BEGIN C++
   // END C++
}

{xrst_end bender_quad.cpp}
*/
// BEGIN C++

# include <cppad/cppad.hpp>

namespace {
   using CppAD::AD;
   typedef CPPAD_TESTVECTOR(double)         BAvector;
   typedef CPPAD_TESTVECTOR(AD<double>)   ADvector;

   class Fun {
   private:
      BAvector t_; // measurement times
      BAvector z_; // measurement values
   public:
      // constructor
      Fun(const BAvector &t, const BAvector &z)
      : t_(t), z_(z)
      { }
      // Fun.f(x, y) = F(x, y)
      ADvector f(const ADvector &x, const ADvector &y)
      {  size_t i;
         size_t N = size_t(z_.size());

         ADvector F(1);
         F[0] = 0.;

         AD<double> residual;
         for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
         {  residual = y[0] * sin( x[0] * t_[i] ) - z_[i];
            F[0]    += .5 * residual * residual;
         }
         return F;
      }
      // Fun.h(x, y) = H(x, y) = F_y (x, y)
      ADvector h(const ADvector &x, const BAvector &y)
      {  size_t i;
         size_t N = size_t(z_.size());

         ADvector fy(1);
         fy[0] = 0.;

         AD<double> residual;
         for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
         {  residual = y[0] * sin( x[0] * t_[i] ) - z_[i];
            fy[0]   += residual * sin( x[0] * t_[i] );
         }
         return fy;
      }
      // Fun.dy(x, y, h) = - H_y (x,y)^{-1} * h
      //                 = - F_yy (x, y)^{-1} * h
      ADvector dy(
         const BAvector &x ,
         const BAvector &y ,
         const ADvector &H )
      {  size_t i;
         size_t N = size_t(z_.size());

         ADvector Dy(1);
         AD<double> fyy = 0.;

         for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
         {  fyy += sin( x[0] * t_[i] ) * sin( x[0] * t_[i] );
         }
         Dy[0] = - H[0] / fyy;

         return Dy;
      }
   };

   // Used to test calculation of Hessian of G
   AD<double> G(const ADvector& x, const BAvector& t, const BAvector& z)
   {  // compute Y(x)
      AD<double> numerator = 0.;
      AD<double> denominator = 0.;
      size_t k;
      for(k = 0; k < size_t(t.size()); k++)
      {  numerator   += sin( x[0] * t[k] ) * z[k];
         denominator += sin( x[0] * t[k] ) * sin( x[0] * t[k] );
      }
      AD<double> y = numerator / denominator;

      // V(x) = F[x, Y(x)]
      AD<double> sum = 0;
      for(k = 0; k < size_t(t.size()); k++)
      {  AD<double> residual = y * sin( x[0] * t[k] ) - z[k];
         sum += .5 * residual * residual;
      }
      return sum;
   }
}

bool BenderQuad(void)
{  bool ok = true;
   using CppAD::AD;
   using CppAD::NearEqual;

   // temporary indices
   size_t i, j;

   // x space vector
   size_t n = 1;
   BAvector x(n);
   x[0] = 2. * 3.141592653;

   // y space vector
   size_t m = 1;
   BAvector y(m);
   y[0] = 1.;

   // t and z vectors
   size_t N = 10;
   BAvector t(N);
   BAvector z(N);
   for(i = 0; i < N; i++)
   {  t[i] = double(i) / double(N);       // time of measurement
      z[i] = y[0] * sin( x[0] * t[i] );   // data without noise
   }

   // construct the function object
   Fun fun(t, z);

   // evaluate the G(x), G'(x) and G''(x)
   BAvector g(1), gx(n), gxx(n * n);
   CppAD::BenderQuad(x, y, fun, g, gx, gxx);


   // create ADFun object Gfun corresponding to G(x)
   ADvector a_x(n), a_g(1);
   for(j = 0; j < n; j++)
      a_x[j] = x[j];
   Independent(a_x);
   a_g[0] = G(a_x, t, z);
   CppAD::ADFun<double> Gfun(a_x, a_g);

   // accuracy for checks
   double eps = 10. * CppAD::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();

   // check Jacobian
   BAvector check_gx = Gfun.Jacobian(x);
   for(j = 0; j < n; j++)
      ok &= NearEqual(gx[j], check_gx[j], eps, eps);

   // check Hessian
   BAvector check_gxx = Gfun.Hessian(x, 0);
   for(j = 0; j < n*n; j++)
      ok &= NearEqual(gxx[j], check_gxx[j], eps, eps);

   return ok;
}

// END C++
