# Example 13: Superscripts, Subscripts, and Symbols

### Adding Superscripts, Subscripts, and Symbols to a Report

It is very common to include superscripts, subscripts, and special symbols on a statistical report. The reporter package supports such features. You may add superscripts and subscripts to your titles, footnotes, page header, page footer, and labels for your column headers and spanning headers. You can add them using a curly brace delimiter and some useful functions from the common package. The common package is loaded automatically with reporter. Here is an example:

    library(reporter)
    library(magrittr)

    # Create temp file path
    tmp <- file.path(tempdir(), "example13.rtf")

    # Prepare Data
    dat <- airquality[sample(1:153, 15), ]
    dat$Month <-  as.Date(paste0("1973-", dat$Month, "-01"))

    # Define table
    tbl <- create_table(dat, show_cols = c("Month", "Day", "Wind",
                                           "Temp", "Ozone")) %>%
      titles("Table 9.6", "Air Quality Sample Report{supsc('1')}",   # Superscript 1
             borders = c("top", "bottom"), blank_row = "none") %>%
      column_defaults(width = .7) %>%
      define(Month, format = "%B", align = "left", width = 1) %>%
      define(Temp, format = "%.0f") %>%
      footnotes("{supsc('1')}New York, May to September 1973",       # Superscript 1
                borders = c("top", "bottom"), blank_row = "none")

    # Define report
    rpt <- create_report(tmp, output_type = "RTF", font = "Arial",
                         font_size = 12, missing = "-") %>%
      page_header("Sponsor: EPA", "Study: B34958", blank_row = "below") %>%
      add_content(tbl) %>%
      page_footer(Sys.Date(), right = "Page [pg] of [tpg]")

    # Write the report to the file system
    write_report(rpt)

    # View report
    # file.show(tmp)

### Superscript and Subscript Functions

The `supsc()` function shown above is a superscript function. This function will translate a normal character into a superscript character. It works by looking up a UTF-8 superscript character based on the passed parameter string. The function will attempt to translate each character into a UTF-8 superscript equivalent. All numbers and most Latin letters are available in a superscript version.

The common package includes two more useful functions: `subsc()` and `symbol()`. The `subsc()` function is similar to the superscript function, except it looks up UTF-8 subscript characters. While UTF-8 subscript characters are more limited than the superscripts, the function will translate all numbers appropriately.

Note that the `supsc()` and `subsc()` functions will translate the entire string. Translating the entire string means multiple characters can be combined to create complex superscript or subscript expressions. Here is an example of such an expression:

    # Create complex superscript expression
    ex1 <- "x" %p% supsc("(n+4)")

    # View expression
    ex1
    # [1] "x⁽ⁿ⁺⁴⁾"

### Symbol Function

Finally, the `symbol()` function will look up UTF-8 symbols. The function uses HTML style keywords to identify the symbol to look up. The function supports keywords for trademarks, currencies, mathematical symbols, logical symbols, Greek letters, and more. Here are a few examples:

### Superscripts and Subscripts in Table Cells

To get superscripts or subscripts into table cells, they must be added to the table data prior to reporting. Simply use the standard R subset operators to append the subscript or superscript to the desired cell value.

Here is an example appending the superscript “two” into a cell in the second row, column “A”, using the MTCARS data frame from the previous example:

    # Append superscript using paste0()
    df[2, "A"] <- df[2, "A"] %p% supsc('2')

    # View data frame
    df
    #    var      label           A           B
    # 1 ampg          N          19          13
    # 2 ampg       Mean 18.8 (6.5)²  22.0 (4.9)  # Observe superscript in column A
    # 3 ampg     Median        16.4        21.4
    # 4 ampg    Q1 - Q3 15.1 - 21.2 19.2 - 22.8
    # 5 ampg      Range 10.4 - 33.9 14.7 - 32.4
    # 6  cyl 8 Cylinder 10 ( 52.6%)  4 ( 30.8%)
    # 7  cyl 6 Cylinder  4 ( 21.1%)  3 ( 23.1%)
    # 8  cyl 4 Cylinder  5 ( 26.3%)  6 ( 46.2%)

### Additional Unicode Characters

The functions from the common package make it easy to add superscripts, subscripts, and many symbols to your reports. However, these functions do not include all possible special characters. If you need more characters, you may add any UTF-8 character to a report using the Unicode escape “\U”. For example, the Unicode character for a superscript one (1) is “\U00B9”. There are millions of Unicode characters. These codes may be discovered via an internet search, and can be embedded in any string.

### Output Type Limitations

The Unicode characters will work on all output types, with one exception. The PDF output type only supports superscripts for the numbers one, two, and three, and a few other special characters. PDF will render unsupported characters as a question mark. If you need to output an unsupported character with the PDF output type, it is recommended that you use parenthesis () or the carrot ^ character to signify a superscript or subscript, or use a another supported symbol from the ASCII character set.

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