Author: Sebastian Pardo, Rafael Maia
Date: 2021-01-25

# Introduction to the rebird package

#### Sebastian Pardo, Rafael Maia

#### 2021-01-25

A programmatic interface to the eBird database. Find out more about eBird at their website.

## Installation

You can install the stable version from CRAN

    install.packages("rebird")

Or the development version from Github

    install.packages("devtools")
    devtools::install_github("ropensci/rebird")

Then load the package into the R session

    library("rebird")

## Usage

The eBird API server has been updated and thus there are a couple major changes in the way `rebird` works. API requests to eBird now require users to provide an API key, which is linked to your eBird user account. You can pass it to the ‘key’ argument in `rebird` functions, but we highly recommend storing it as an environment variable called EBIRD_KEY in your .Renviron file. If you don’t have a key, you can obtain one from https://ebird.org/api/keygen.

You can keep your .Renviron file in your global R home directory (`R.home()`), your user’s home directory (`Sys.getenv("HOME")`), or your current working directory (`getwd()`). Remember that .Renviron is loaded once when you start R, so if you add your API key to the file you will have to restart your R session. See `?Startup` for more information on R’s startup files.

Furthermore, functions now use species codes, rather than scientific names, for species-specific requests. We’ve made the switch easy by providing the `species_code` function, which converts a scientific name to its species code:

    species_code('sula variegata')

    ## Peruvian Booby (Sula variegata): perboo1

    ## [1] "perboo1"

The `species_code` function can be called within other `rebird` functions, or the species code can be specified directly.

## eBird Taxonomy

The eBird taxonomy is internally stored in `rebird` and can be called using

    rebird:::tax

    ## # A tibble: 16,513 x 14
    ##    sciName comName speciesCode category taxonOrder bandingCodes comNameCodes
    ##    <chr>   <chr>   <chr>       <chr>         <dbl> <chr>        <chr>
    ##  1 Struth… Common… ostric2     species           1 <NA>         COOS
    ##  2 Struth… Somali… ostric3     species           6 <NA>         SOOS
    ##  3 Struth… Common… y00934      slash             7 <NA>         SOOS,COOS
    ##  4 Rhea a… Greate… grerhe1     species           8 <NA>         GRRH
    ##  5 Rhea p… Lesser… lesrhe2     species          14 <NA>         LERH
    ##  6 Rhea p… Lesser… lesrhe4     issf             15 <NA>         LERH
    ##  7 Rhea p… Lesser… lesrhe3     issf             18 <NA>         LERH
    ##  8 Nothoc… Tawny-… tabtin1     species          19 <NA>         TBTI
    ##  9 Nothoc… Highla… higtin1     species          20 HITI         <NA>
    ## 10 Nothoc… Highla… higtin2     issf             21 <NA>         HITI
    ## # … with 16,503 more rows, and 7 more variables: sciNameCodes <chr>,
    ## #   order <chr>, familyComName <chr>, familySciName <chr>, reportAs <chr>,
    ## #   extinct <lgl>, extinctYear <int>

While the internal taxonomy is kept up to date with each package release, it could be outdated if a new taxonomy is made available before the package is updated. You can obtain the latest eBird taxonomy by

    new_tax <- ebirdtaxonomy()

## Sightings at location determined by latitude/longitude

Search for bird occurrences by latitude and longitude point

    ebirdgeo(species = species_code('spinus tristis'), lat = 42, lng = -76)

    ## American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis): amegfi

    ## # A tibble: 17 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L133… "545 R… 2021…       8  42.0 -76.1 TRUE
    ##  2 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L197… "esthe… 2021…      12  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  3 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L275… "Home " 2021…       8  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ##  4 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L109… "Hillc… 2021…       1  42.2 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  5 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L186… "Otsin… 2021…       1  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  6 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L895… "Nowla… 2021…       2  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  7 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L207… "Workw… 2021…       4  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  8 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L133… "4457 … 2021…       2  42.0 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  9 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L870… "325 D… 2021…       1  42.2 -76.0 TRUE
    ## 10 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L121… "1312 … 2021…       3  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ## 11 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L133… "216 W… 2021…       1  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ## 12 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L524… "Victo… 2021…       4  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ## 13 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L505… "Bolan… 2021…       1  42.2 -75.9 TRUE
    ## 14 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L850… "Sandy… 2021…      20  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ## 15 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L351… "Anson… 2021…      16  42.1 -76.1 TRUE
    ## 16 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L270… "Gripp… 2021…       1  42.1 -76.1 TRUE
    ## 17 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L564… "Kinne… 2021…       1  42.1 -76.2 TRUE
    ## # … with 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>, locationPrivate <lgl>,
    ## #   subId <chr>

## Recent observations at a region

Search for bird occurrences by region and species name

    ebirdregion(loc = 'US', species = 'btbwar')

    ## # A tibble: 81 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L577… Merrit… 2021…       1  28.6 -80.7 TRUE
    ##  2 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L863… 104 7t… 2021…       1  32.0 -80.8 TRUE
    ##  3 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L407… Thomps… 2021…       1  38.9 -77.1 TRUE
    ##  4 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L193… Rye     2021…       1  43.0 -70.8 TRUE
    ##  5 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L195… 1 My H… 2021…       1  27.0 -80.1 TRUE
    ##  6 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L104… Feathe… 2021…       1  25.6 -80.3 TRUE
    ##  7 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L324… Wither… 2021…       1  31.0 -82.9 TRUE
    ##  8 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L128… Zoo Mi… 2021…       1  25.6 -80.4 TRUE
    ##  9 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L992… Kendal… 2021…       1  25.7 -80.4 TRUE
    ## 10 btbwar      Black-… Setoph… L133… 603 S … 2021…       1  26.2 -98.2 TRUE
    ## # … with 71 more rows, and 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>,
    ## #   locationPrivate <lgl>, subId <chr>

## Recent observations at hotspots

Search for bird occurrences by a given hotspot

    ebirdregion(loc = 'L99381')

    ## # A tibble: 38 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L993… Stewar… 2021…     300  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  2 mallar3     Mallard Anas p… L993… Stewar… 2021…      20  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  3 commer      Common… Mergus… L993… Stewar… 2021…       2  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  4 ribgul      Ring-b… Larus … L993… Stewar… 2021…      NA  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  5 hergul      Herrin… Larus … L993… Stewar… 2021…      NA  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  6 gbbgul      Great … Larus … L993… Stewar… 2021…       3  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  7 baleag      Bald E… Haliae… L993… Stewar… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  8 eursta      Europe… Sturnu… L993… Stewar… 2021…      40  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ##  9 doccor      Double… Phalac… L993… Stewar… 2021…       5  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ## 10 ambduc      Americ… Anas r… L993… Stewar… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 TRUE
    ## # … with 28 more rows, and 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>,
    ## #   locationPrivate <lgl>, subId <chr>

## Nearest observations of a species

Search for a species’ occurrences near a given latitude and longitude

    nearestobs(species_code('branta canadensis'), 42, -76)

    ## Canada Goose (Branta canadensis): cangoo

    ## # A tibble: 25 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L109… Hillcr… 2021…      34  42.2 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  2 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L186… Otsini… 2021…     117  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  3 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L186… Cheri … 2021…       4  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  4 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L809… Port D… 2021…      74  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  5 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L527… R Tee … 2021…     100  42.2 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  6 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L133… I-81 N… 2021…      45  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  7 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L245… Water … 2021…       3  42.1 -75.9 TRUE
    ##  8 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L116… Homest… 2021…     230  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ##  9 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L106… IBM CC… 2021…       1  42.1 -76.0 TRUE
    ## 10 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L273… Schnur… 2021…       2  42.1 -75.8 TRUE
    ## # … with 15 more rows, and 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>,
    ## #   locationPrivate <lgl>, subId <chr>

## Recent notable sightings

Search for notable sightings at a given latitude and longitude

    ebirdnotable(lat = 42, lng = -70)

    ## # A tibble: 3,578 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 foxsp1      Fox Sp… Passer… L382… Yard    2021…       1  42.2 -71.3 FALSE
    ##  2 foxsp1      Fox Sp… Passer… L276… Standi… 2021…       1  42.3 -71.3 FALSE
    ##  3 reshaw      Red-sh… Buteo … L575… The 20… 2021…       1  44.2 -69.4 FALSE
    ##  4 gadwal      Gadwall Mareca… L143… Holyok… 2021…       2  42.2 -72.6 FALSE
    ##  5 lbbgul      Lesser… Larus … L106… Goulds… 2021…       1  42.2 -71.4 FALSE
    ##  6 pinwar      Pine W… Setoph… L919… Northb… 2021…       1  42.1 -71.7 FALSE
    ##  7 bnhcow      Brown-… Moloth… L825… Westwo… 2021…       1  42.2 -71.2 FALSE
    ##  8 comred      Common… Acanth… L358… Fort H… 2021…       2  41.8 -70.0 FALSE
    ##  9 redcro10    Red Cr… Loxia … L480… West B… 2021…       2  41.7 -70.4 FALSE
    ## 10 foxsp1      Fox Sp… Passer… L276… Standi… 2021…       1  42.3 -71.3 FALSE
    ## # … with 3,568 more rows, and 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>,
    ## #   locationPrivate <lgl>, subId <chr>

or a region

    ebirdnotable(locID = 'US-NY-109')

    ## # A tibble: 81 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 blkvul      Black … Coragy… L212… Steven… 2021…       1  42.4 -76.4 FALSE
    ##  2 redcro      Red Cr… Loxia … L550… Cornel… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  3 yerwar      Yellow… Setoph… L351… Fuerte… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  4 redcro      Red Cr… Loxia … L123… Boyer … 2021…       5  42.3 -76.3 FALSE
    ##  5 whwcro      White-… Loxia … L550… Cornel… 2021…       2  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  6 x00684      Canvas… Aythya… L140… East S… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  7 x00684      Canvas… Aythya… L140… East S… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  8 blksco2     Black … Melani… L353… Salt P… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.5 FALSE
    ##  9 evegro      Evenin… Coccot… L133… 571 So… 2021…      17  42.3 -76.4 FALSE
    ## 10 hoared2     Hoary … Acanth… L686… George… 2021…       1  42.5 -76.3 FALSE
    ## # … with 71 more rows, and 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>,
    ## #   locationPrivate <lgl>, subId <chr>

## Historic Observations

Obtain a list of species reported on a specific date in a given region

    ebirdhistorical(loc = 'US-VA-003', date = '2019-02-14',max = 10)

    ## # A tibble: 10 x 13
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 cangoo      Canada… Branta… L139… Lickin… 2019…      30  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  2 mallar3     Mallard Anas p… L139… Lickin… 2019…       5  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  3 gnwtea      Green-… Anas c… L139… Lickin… 2019…       8  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  4 killde      Killde… Charad… L139… Lickin… 2019…       1  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  5 baleag      Bald E… Haliae… L139… Lickin… 2019…       1  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  6 belkin1     Belted… Megace… L139… Lickin… 2019…       1  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  7 carwre      Caroli… Thryot… L139… Lickin… 2019…       1  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  8 whtspa      White-… Zonotr… L139… Lickin… 2019…       2  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ##  9 norcar      Northe… Cardin… L139… Lickin… 2019…       1  38.1 -78.7 TRUE
    ## 10 canvas      Canvas… Aythya… L331… Montic… 2019…      19  38.0 -78.5 TRUE
    ## # … with 3 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>, locationPrivate <lgl>,
    ## #   subId <chr>

or a hotspot

    ebirdhistorical(loc = 'L196159', date = '2019-02-14', fieldSet = 'full')

    ## # A tibble: 14 x 27
    ##    speciesCode comName sciName locId locName obsDt howMany   lat   lng obsValid
    ##    <chr>       <chr>   <chr>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>   <int> <dbl> <dbl> <lgl>
    ##  1 annhum      Anna's… Calypt… L196… Vancou… 2019…       4  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  2 ribgul      Ring-b… Larus … L196… Vancou… 2019…       4  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  3 glwgul      Glauco… Larus … L196… Vancou… 2019…      29  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  4 norcro      Northw… Corvus… L196… Vancou… 2019…     100  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  5 bkcchi      Black-… Poecil… L196… Vancou… 2019…      16  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  6 bushti      Bushtit Psaltr… L196… Vancou… 2019…      20  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  7 pacwre1     Pacifi… Troglo… L196… Vancou… 2019…       1  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  8 houfin      House … Haemor… L196… Vancou… 2019…       2  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ##  9 purfin      Purple… Haemor… L196… Vancou… 2019…       3  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## 10 amegfi      Americ… Spinus… L196… Vancou… 2019…      15  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## 11 daejun      Dark-e… Junco … L196… Vancou… 2019…      37  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## 12 sonspa      Song S… Melosp… L196… Vancou… 2019…      12  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## 13 spotow      Spotte… Pipilo… L196… Vancou… 2019…       1  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## 14 rewbla      Red-wi… Agelai… L196… Vancou… 2019…       6  49.3 -123. TRUE
    ## # … with 17 more variables: obsReviewed <lgl>, locationPrivate <lgl>,
    ## #   subId <chr>, subnational2Code <chr>, subnational2Name <chr>,
    ## #   subnational1Code <chr>, subnational1Name <chr>, countryCode <chr>,
    ## #   countryName <chr>, userDisplayName <chr>, obsId <chr>, checklistId <chr>,
    ## #   presenceNoted <lgl>, hasComments <lgl>, firstName <chr>, lastName <chr>,
    ## #   hasRichMedia <lgl>

## Information on a given region or hotspot

Obtain detailed information on any valid eBird region

    ebirdregioninfo("CA-BC-GV")

    ## # A tibble: 1 x 5
    ##   region                                     minX  maxX  minY  maxY
    ##   <chr>                                     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
    ## 1 Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada -123. -122.  49.0  49.6

or hotspot

    ebirdregioninfo("L196159")

    ## # A tibble: 1 x 16
    ##   locId name  latitude longitude countryCode countryName subnational1Name
    ##   <chr> <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl> <chr>       <chr>       <chr>
    ## 1 L196… Vanc…     49.3     -123. CA          Canada      British Columbia
    ## # … with 9 more variables: subnational1Code <chr>, subnational2Code <chr>,
    ## #   subnational2Name <chr>, isHotspot <lgl>, locName <chr>, lat <dbl>,
    ## #   lng <dbl>, hierarchicalName <chr>, locID <chr>

Obtain a list of eBird species codes for all species recorded in a region

    ebirdregionspecies("GB-ENG-LND")

    ## # A tibble: 304 x 1
    ##    speciesCode
    ##    <chr>
    ##  1 bahgoo
    ##  2 snogoo
    ##  3 gragoo
    ##  4 gwfgoo
    ##  5 tunbeg1
    ##  6 pifgoo
    ##  7 brant
    ##  8 bargoo
    ##  9 cangoo
    ## 10 rebgoo1
    ## # … with 294 more rows

or a hotspot

    ebirdregionspecies("L5803024")

    ## # A tibble: 156 x 1
    ##    speciesCode
    ##    <chr>
    ##  1 gragoo
    ##  2 gwfgoo
    ##  3 bargoo
    ##  4 cangoo
    ##  5 mutswa
    ##  6 egygoo
    ##  7 comshe
    ##  8 manduc
    ##  9 gargan
    ## 10 norsho
    ## # … with 146 more rows

Obtain a list of all subregions within an eBird region

    ebirdsubregionlist("subnational1","US")

    ## # A tibble: 51 x 2
    ##    code  name
    ##    <chr> <chr>
    ##  1 US-AL Alabama
    ##  2 US-AK Alaska
    ##  3 US-AZ Arizona
    ##  4 US-AR Arkansas
    ##  5 US-CA California
    ##  6 US-CO Colorado
    ##  7 US-CT Connecticut
    ##  8 US-DE Delaware
    ##  9 US-DC District of Columbia
    ## 10 US-FL Florida
    ## # … with 41 more rows

## Checklist Feed

Obtain a list of checklists submitted on a given date at a region or hotspot

    ebirdchecklistfeed(loc = "L207391", date = "2020-03-24", max = 5)

    ## # A tibble: 5 x 8
    ##   locId  subId  userDisplayName  numSpecies obsDt obsTime subID loc
    ##   <chr>  <chr>  <chr>                 <int> <chr> <chr>   <chr> <chr>
    ## 1 L2073… S6617… David Wood               10 24 M… 14:47   S661… L207391,Mt. Aub…
    ## 2 L2073… S6617… Sofia Prado-Irw…         15 24 M… 14:31   S661… L207391,Mt. Aub…
    ## 3 L2073… S6619… Jeffrey Gantz            19 24 M… 13:30   S661… L207391,Mt. Aub…
    ## 4 L2073… S6617… Ann Gurka                21 24 M… 13:00   S661… L207391,Mt. Aub…
    ## 5 L2073… S7098… Barbara Olson            20 24 M… 10:30   S709… L207391,Mt. Aub…

## Hotspots in a region or nearby coordinates

Obtain a list of hotspots within a region

    ebirdhotspotlist("CA-NS-HL")

    ## # A tibble: 220 x 9
    ##    locId locName countryCode subnational1Code subnational2Code   lat   lng
    ##    <chr> <chr>   <chr>       <chr>            <chr>            <dbl> <dbl>
    ##  1 L233… Abraha… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          45.2 -62.6
    ##  2 L700… Admira… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.7 -63.7
    ##  3 L176… Admira… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.8 -63.1
    ##  4 L584… Albro … CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.7 -63.6
    ##  5 L437… Aldern… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.7 -63.6
    ##  6 L122… Armdal… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.6 -63.6
    ##  7 L624… Atlant… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.7 -63.3
    ##  8 L239… Bald R… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.5 -63.6
    ##  9 L759… Bayers… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.6 -63.7
    ## 10 L642… Beaufo… CA          CA-NS            CA-NS-HL          44.7 -63.5
    ## # … with 210 more rows, and 2 more variables: latestObsDt <chr>,
    ## #   numSpeciesAllTime <int>

or within a radius of up to 50 kilometers, from a given set of coordinates.

    ebirdhotspotlist(lat = 30, lng = -90, dist = 10)

    ## No region code provided, locating hotspots using lat/lng

    ## # A tibble: 52 x 9
    ##    locId locName countryCode subnational1Code subnational2Code   lat   lng
    ##    <chr> <chr>   <chr>       <chr>            <chr>            <dbl> <dbl>
    ##  1 L602… Algier… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.1
    ##  2 L388… Armstr… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.1
    ##  3 L727… Audubo… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.0
    ##  4 L666… BAEA N… US          US-LA            US-LA-087         30.0 -90.0
    ##  5 L666… BAEA N… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         29.9 -90.0
    ##  6 L242… Bayou … US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.0
    ##  7 L725… Bayou … US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.1 -89.9
    ##  8 L727… Chalme… US          US-LA            US-LA-087         29.9 -90.0
    ##  9 L453… City P… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.1
    ## 10 L522… City P… US          US-LA            US-LA-071         30.0 -90.1
    ## # … with 42 more rows, and 2 more variables: latestObsDt <chr>,
    ## #   numSpeciesAllTime <int>