# Party Panel 19.1 target behavior selection

In this `justifier` file, we describe the `decision`s we take to ultimately select a target behavior for the Party Panel round in 2019 about sleep (Party Panel 19.1 or PP19.1).

Each `decision` is justified with one or more `justification`s, which are each based one one or more `assertion`s, which are each based on one or more `source`s. A `source` can be, for example, a scientific article, a report, or a book; a statement by an individual or the result of an expert consensus procedure; or the results of a quick consulting of target population members. An `assertion` is a statement of a fact, something we believe to be the case (potentially erroneously, but ideally always traceable back to one or more `source`s). A `justification` allows integrating multiple asssertions, and multiple `justification`s can be used to justify a decision.

These four elements are documented in a subset of YAML that can be understood by the `justifier` package, and these YAML fragments are embedded in Markdown files to produce files like this: `jmd` files, or 'justified markdown' files. Each element will generally have the following fields with content:

- `id`: A unique identifier that allows referring to this element. An `id` may never start with a number (i.e. `0-9`) and may only contain:
  - Lowercase Latin letters (`A-Z`);
  - Uppercase Latin letters (`a-z`);
  - Numbers (`0-9`);
  - Underscores (`_`).
- `label`: A label is a human-readable 'name' for a `source`, `assertion`, `justification`, or `decision`. It should briefly describe the core of the element.
- `description`: A description allows for more detailed information about an element.

These `justifier` elements always have to be enclosed by two delimiters, specifically, two lines that contain only three dashed (`---`). There are no constraints for anything outside two delimiters, like this text - but it is strongly advised to stick to Markdown.

Elements can be specified either one by one, in which case they start with naming their type followed by a colon (e.g. `source:`), after which the fields in that element are indented by two spaces, and each field is followed by its value (for longer or complexer strings, it's wise to quote them, to avoid using characters that the YAML parser considers part of the YAML specification).

If you want to specify multiple elements of the same type, you can do this by only listing their name once, and then using dashes and extra indenting by two spaces to create a list (you cannot specify multiple elements with the same name in YAML).

---
source:
  -
    id: source_Diekelmann
    label: "Diekelmann & Born (2010) The memory function of sleep."
    xdoi: doi:10.1038/nrn2762
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Gais
    label: "Gais (2003) Sleep after learning aids memory recall."
    xdoi: doi:10.1101/lm.132106
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Menz
    label: "Menz et al (2013) The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating fear memories."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.001
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Holland
    label: "Holland & Lewis (2007) Emotional memory: selective enhancement by sleep."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.033
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Graves
    label: "Graves (2003) Sleep deprivation selectively impairs memory consolidation for contextual fear conditioning."
    xdoi: doi:10.1101/lm.48803
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Frey
    label: "Frey et al (2007) The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.003
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Xie
    label: "Zie et al (2013) ). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain."
    xdoi: doi:10.1126/science.1241224
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Brokaw
    label: "Brokaw et al (2016) Resting state EEG correlates of memory consolidation."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.008
    pp: 17-25
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Marrosu
    label: "Marrosu et al (1995) Microdialysis measurement of cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine release during sleep-wake cycle in freely moving cats."
    xdoi: "No DOI found yet, located in: Brain Research, vol 671, pp 329–332."
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Lange
    label: "Lange et al (2010) Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system."
    xdoi: doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05300.x
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Burgess
    label: "Burgess et al (2002) ). Bright light, dark and melatonin can promote circadian adaptation in night shift workers."
    xdoi: doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0215
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Plog
    label: "Plog & Nedergaard (2018) The glymphatic system in central nervous system health and disease: past, present, and future"
    xdoi: doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Killgore13
    label: "Klilgore & Weber (2013) Sleep deprivation and cognitive performance."
    xdoi: doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_16
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Harrison
    label: "Harrison & Horne (2000) The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review."
    xdoi: doi:10.1037/1076-898x.6.3.236
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Doran
    label: "Doran et al (2001) Sustained attention performance during sleep deprivation: evidence of state instability."
    xdoi: doi:10.1101/lm.132106
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Killgore07
    label: "Killgore et al (2007) The trait of Introversion–Extraversion predicts vulnerability to sleep deprivation."
    xdoi: doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00611.x
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_VanDongen
    label: "Van Dongen et al (2003) Sleep debt: Theoretical and empirical issues."
    comment: "No DOI found yet; located in Sleep and Biological Rhythms, vol 1, pp 5–13"
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Kuypers
    label: "Kuypers (2007) psychedelic bliss: memory and risk taking during MDMA intoxication."
    xdoi: ISBN:978-90-9021656-0
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Williamson
    label: "Williamson & Feyer (2000) Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication."
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Peeke
    label: "Peeke et al (1980) Combined effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation in normal young adults."
  -
    id: source_Croes
    label: "Croes et al (2017) Langdurige klachten na ecstasygebruik."
    xdoi: url:www.trimbos.nl/docs/2c1748e6-93d5-481b-8fad-013f91a9e1df.pdf
    type: "Report"
  -
    id: source_Berger
    label: "Energy conservation and sleep."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00002-b
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Fairclough
    label: "Fairclough & Graham (1999) Impairment of driving performance caused by sleep deprivation or alcohol: A comparative Study. "
    xdoi: doi:10.1518/001872099779577336
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Krueger
    label: "Kreueger et al (2006) The role of cytokines in physiological sleep regulation"
    xdoi: doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05826.x
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Jessen
    label: "Jessen et al (2015) The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide."
    xdoi: doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Lim
    label: "Lim & Dinges (2010) A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables."
    xdoi: doi:10.1037/a0018883
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Tononi
    label: "Tononi & Cirelli (2006) ). Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis."
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002
    type: "Journal article"
  -
    id: source_Beebe
    label: "Beebe et al (2010). Attention, learning, and arousal of experimentally sleep-restricted adolescents in a simulated classroom"
    xdoi: doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.005
    type: "Journal article"
assertion:
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_1
    label: Sleep promotes the consolidation of memory in humans.
    source:
      id: source_Diekelmann
      comment: "test of a comment"
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_2
    label: Sleep promotes the consolidation of memory in humans.
    source:
      id: source_Gais
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_3
    label: Sleep promotes the consolidation of fear memory in humans.
    source:
      id: source_Menz
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_4
    label: Sleep promotes the consolidation of emotional memory in humans.
    source:
      id: source_Holland
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_5
    label: Sleep promotes the consolidation of memory in animals after training for a specific task.
    source:
      id: source_Graves
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_memory_6
    label: Memory retention is already noticable after only several minutes of sleep.
    source:
      id: source_Diekelmann
  -
    id: assertion_cytokines
    label: Infection, stress and tissue damage triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines.
    source:
      id: source_Frey
  -
    id: assertion_cytokines_function
    label: When pro-inflammatory cytokines are injected, these cytokines enhance sleep.
    source:
      id: source_Krueger
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_glympathic_system
    label: Sleep promotes the glympathic system.
    source:
      id: source_Xie
  -
    id: assertion_SD_cytokines
    label: Sleep deprivation is associated with an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which creates a disbalance of inflammatory cytokines and this induces inflammation.
    source:
      id: source_Frey
  -
    id: assertion_resting_1
    label: Resting enhances the consolidation of memory.
    source:
      id: source_Brokaw
  -
    id: assertion_resting_2
    label: The neurotransmitter ACh is released during quiet rest, just like during sleep.
    source:
      id: source_Marrosu
  -
    id: assertion_nocturnal_1
    label: Cells like leukocytes show a specific diurnal or nocturnal rhythm.
    source:
      id: source_Lange
  -
    id: assertion_nocturnal_2
    label: During nocturnal sleep cell counts of toxic cells are suppressed.
    source:
      id: source_Lange
  -
    id: assertion_sleep_debt
    label: Sleep deprivation results in a sleep debt, which has unhealthy consequences.
    source:
      id: source_Burgess
  -
    id: assertion_glympathic_system_2
    label: Failure of the glympathic system is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
    source:
      id: source_Plog
  -
    id: assertion_glympathic_system_1
    label: The glympathic system is a recently discovered waste clearance pathway that removes metabolites and toxic proteins from the brain.
    source:
      id: source_Jessen
  -
    id: assertion_SD_performance
    label: (Cognitive) performance deteriorates after 16 hours of wakefulness.
    source:
      id: source_Killgore13
  -
    id: assertion_SD_sensory_perception
    label: Sleep loss causes a reduction in visual cortex activity and the reduction is most prominent when an individual experiences an attentional lapse.
    source:
      id: source_Killgore13
  -
    id: assertion_inattentive_behaviours
    label: sleep deprived individuals showed significantly more inattentive behaviours compared to non-sleep deprived individuals while watching a movie.
    source:
      id: source_Beebe
  -
    id: assertion_SD_decision
    label: Sleep deprivation affects the decision making proces.
    source:
      id: source_Harrison
  -
    id: assertion_state_instability
    label: After sleep deprivation performance becomes instable, which is called state instability.
    source:
      id: source_Doran
  -
    id: assertion_SD_emotion_1
    label: Sleep loss enhances the strenth of reactions to negative, but not to positive or neutral stimuli.
    source:
      id: source_Killgore13
  -
    id: assertion_SD_emotion_2
    label: Humor is negatively evaluated and emotional expression is lost in the voice after sleep deprivation.
    source:
      id: source_Killgore13
  -
    id: assertion_individual_differences_1
    label: The personality trait extraversion is more related to attentional lapses and more extensive declines in speed response during a task after one night of sleep deprivation.
    source:
      id: source_Killgore07
  -
    id: assertion_individual_differences_2
    label: There is a genetic predisposition for vulnerability to sleep loss.
    source:
      id: source_VanDongen
  -
    id: assertion_MDMA_impulse_daytime
    label: When MDMA is taken during daytime, impulse control is enhanced.
    source:
      id: source_Kuypers
  -
    id: assertion_MDMA_impulse_nighttime
    label: When MDMA is taken during nighttime, impulse control is not enhanced.
    source:
      id: source_Kuypers
  -
    id: assertion_MDMA_PMF_daytime
    label: When MDMA is taken during daytime psychomotor functioning is enhanced.
    source:
      id: source_Kuypers
  -
    id: assertion_MDMA_PMF_nighttime
    label: When MDMA is taken during nighttime psychomotor functioning is impaired.
    source:
      id: source_Kuypers
  -
    id: assertion_SD_alcohol
    label: Sleep deprivation causes cognitive and motor performance impairment similar to alcohol intoxication.
    source:
      id: source_Williamson
  -
    id: assertion_interaction_SD_alcohol_1
    label: People who are under the influence of alcohol and who are sleep deprived react slower than people who are either are under the influence of alcohol or sleep deprived alone.
    source:
      id: source_Peeke
  -
    id: assertion_interaction_SD_alcohol_2
    label: People who are under the influence of alcohol and who are sleep deprived show worse driving performance than people who either are under the influence of alcohol or sleep deprived alone.
    comment: "this source was 'Howard'. But the one that was named 'Howard', I renamed to 'Harrison'. Smth wrong here?"
    source:
      id: source_Harrison
  -
    id: assertion_MDMA_cortisol
    label: Cortisol levels rise after MDMA is taken.
    source:
      id: source_Croes
  -
    id: assertion_resting_3
    label: Important functions of sleep, like recovery of neural function and synaptic downscaling to save energy and experience benefits for learning and memory, only occur together with slow wave sleep and therefore not while resting.
    source:
      id: source_Tononi
  -
    id: assertion_attention
    label: The most simple form of attention, that is being able to detect a stimulus, is most strongly affected by sleep deprivation.
    source:
      id: source_Lim
justification:
  -
    id: justification_01
    label: Sleep prevents us from getting sick and (therefore) sleep deprivation causes an impaired immune system. Sleep prevents a disbalance of inflammatory cytokines and therefore health is maintained.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_cytokines, assertion_cytokines_function, assertion_SD_cytokines]
  -
    id: justification_02
    label: Sleep is important for our memory and (therefore) sleep deprivation causes memory impairment.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_sleep_memory_1, assertion_sleep_memory_2, assertion_sleep_memory_3,  assertion_sleep_memory_4, assertion_sleep_memory_5, assertion_sleep_memory_6]
  -
    id: justification_03
    label: Sleep protects us from toxicants and (therefore) sleep deprivation is associated with neurological diseases.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_glympathic_system_1, assertion_glympathic_system_2, assertion_sleep_glympathic_system]
  -
    id: justification_04
    label: Resting is not as beneficial as sleep, but is preferred over total sleep deprivation as resting state resembles a sleep state.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_resting_1, assertion_resting_2, assertion_resting_3]
  -
    id: justification_05
    label: Nocturnal sleep is preferred over diurnal sleep, but diurnal sleep is preferred over total sleep deprivation.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_nocturnal_1, assertion_nocturnal_2, assertion_sleep_debt]
  -
    id: justification_06
    label: Sleep deprivation causes impaired cognitive performance.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_SD_performance, assertion_attention, assertion_inattentive_behaviours]
  -
    id: justification_07
    label: Sleep deprivation causes impaired decision making.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_SD_decision]
  -
    id: justification_08
    label: Sleep deprivation causes state instability.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_state_instability]
  -
    id: justification_09
    label: Sleep deprivation causes impaired sensory perception.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_SD_sensory_perception]
  -
    id: justification_10
    label: Sleep deprivation affects emotional perception and experience.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_SD_emotion_1, assertion_SD_emotion_2]
  -
    id: justification_11
    label: There are individual differences in the effect sleep deprivation has on people.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_individual_differences_1, assertion_individual_differences_2]
  -
    id: justification_12
    label: There is an interaction between sleep deprivation and MDMA.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_MDMA_PMF_nighttime, assertion_MDMA_PMF_daytime, assertion_MDMA_impulse_nighttime, assertion_MDMA_impulse_daytime]
  -
    id: justification_13
    label: There is an interaction between sleep deprivation and alcohol.
    assertion:
      id: [assertion_SD_alcohol, assertion_interaction_SD_alcohol_1, assertion_interaction_SD_alcohol_2]
decision:
  -
    id: decision_to_select_behavior_1
    label: People should do so and so because of justifications 04,05,07,10 etc.
    justification:
      id: [justification_04, justification_05, justification_07, justification_10]
  -
    id: decision_to_select_behavior_2
    label: People should do so and so because of
    justification:
      id: [justification_01, justification_02]
---

