Author: Jon.Harcum@tetratech.com and Erik.Leppo@tetratech.com
Date: 2026-02-24

# Processing Censored Water Quality Data

#### Jon.Harcum@tetratech.com and Erik.Leppo@tetratech.com

#### 2026-02-24

## Purpose

The purpose of this vignette is to demonstrate a workflow for managing data sets that have censored data. In the context of water quality data, we often think of censored values as water quality measurements reported as not-detected, less-than the quantitation limit, between detection limit and limit of quantitation to name a few. For example, in water quality, the value “<0.5” is typically thought of as left censored. In the truest statistical sense of the meaning, left-censoring implies no knowledge about the lower bound; however, in most water resource applications, zero is a common lower bound. Therefore, a value “<0.5” should be thought of as a water quality measurement having a lower and upper bound of 0 and 0.5, respectively. This allow `baytrends` to rely on the `survival` package which treats these values as “interval” censored data and are referred to as Surv objects.

This vignette is divided into three primary sections. The first section describes the process of importing data from csv files into a dataframe with Surv objects. The second section is a more general workflow. The third section provides a list of miscellaneous functions and notes.

1. Importing data from CSV files for baytrends
2. baytrends data management workflow
3. Miscellaneous functions and notes

## 1. Importing data from CSV files for baytrends

Importing CSV files that have censored data into R dataframes for analysis in baytrends is a critical data preparation step and involves two lines of code: 1) importing the CSV data into R and 2) converting water quality measurements with censored data to Surv objects (see below code).

### Example code

    library(baytrends)
    df_in   <- loadData(file = "ExampleData.csv")
    df_Surv <- makeSurvDF(df_in)

The remainder of this section discusses the above lines of code by way of example.

### Discussion

Figure 1 represents a portion of data from an example CSV file. Note, there is no requirement for the CSV file to have the data stored in the column order shown. In this example, the three required fields: station, date, and layer are stored in the first three columns ([A]-[C]). Missing values for these columns are not permissable. The user can optionally include additional fields such as depth, time, etc.

Figure 1. Example CSV file.

Fields with no censoring. In the above example, Secchi depth (secchi), salinity (salinity), dissolved oxygen (do), water temperature (wtemp), total suspended solids (tss) are stored in the next group of columns as un-censored data. While possible, censoring is less common for these types of water quality variables and as a result the data are represented with a single column in the CSV file. The values entered in these columns should be numeric values with no symbols. Values shown as “NA” are un-reported entries. Un-reported values can happen for a number of reasons including not being measured, equipment failure, etc. CSV files can use “NA” or use blanks to represent un-reported entries. Depending on the situation and the user’s sensitivity to fully evaluating censored data, a variable such as total suspended solids could be treated as an un-censored variable as shown in this example or could be treated as a variable with censored data as discussed next.

Fields with censoring. To the right of the break in Figure 1, water quality fields include lower and upper bounds to represent censoring. Note, the field naming syntax using a suffix of “_lo” and “_hi”. For example, columns [U] and [V] show the lower and upper bounds for total dissolved phosphorus as tdp_lo and tdp_hi, respectively. The upper bound must be greater than or equal to the lower bound. When the upper bound is equal to the lower bound, it indicates that observation did not have censoring.

#### loadData

The code `df_in <- loadData(file = "ExampleData.csv")` uses a baytrends’ built-in function to load data from a CSV file. Experienced R programmers can use other functions to load data (e.g. `read.csv`, `read.table`); however, `loadData` outputs meta data about the number of columns and rows read and performs some useful steps such as converting date fields into an R date field (i.e., `POSIXct`) and is advantageous for further analyses with baytrends and other situations. There is also a companion baytrends function, `loadExcel`, with similar functionality to `loadData` and can be used to load data from an Excel workbook. See help (i.e., ??loadData and ??loadExcel) for more information.

#### makeSurvDF

After importing the above CSV file into an R dataframe, the next step is to convert fields with censored data to Surv objects as depicted in Figure 2 using the code `df_Surv <- makeSurvDF(df_in)`. Fields shaded in green or blue are column to column comparable to the CSV file. Columns to the right of the break, such as the yellow highlighted column, tdp, is a Surv object and is derived from the two corresponding columns, tdp_lo and tdp_hi in the CSV file (Figure 1). Again, experienced R programmers can make Surv objects independently from baytrends by using the following syntax for each field with censored data using the total dissolved phosphorus data as an example.

    df_in$tdp <- survival::Surv(df_in$tdp_lo, df_in$tdp_hi, type = "interval2")

The baytends function, `makeSurvDF`, peforms this process for all fields in a dataframe with censored data. By default, `makeSurvDF` assumes the dataframe employs a suffix of “_lo” to represent the lower bound and “_hi” to represent the upper bound although this can be changed by the user. See help (i.e., ??makeSurvDF) for more information. The `makeSurvDF` function also performs a quality assurance review of the data to make sure the upper bound is greater than or equal to the lower bound. The function outputs the number of data integrity issues by parameter and sets those observations to missing (NA) so the code can continue whilst the analyst determines the appropriate corrective action.

Figure 2. Example dataframe with Surv objects.

## 2. baytrends data management workflow

The previous section described the primary steps of importing CSV files into R and converting fields with censored data to Surv objects using the functions `loadData` and `makeSurvDF`. Because many R functions do not recognize Surv objects, it may be necessary to convert to Surv objects to standard numeric vectors for some analyses. To address this need, baytrends includes two additional functions, `unSurvDF` and `saveDF` to facilitate extracting and saving lower and upper bounds from Surv objects. When combined with the previously described functions, it is possible to have a complete workflow as depicted in Figure 3. `unSurvDF` and `saveDF` are described next.

Figure 3. Workflow for handling censored water quality data with baytrends and Surv objects.

### unSurvDF

As the name suggests, this function does the opposite of `makeSurvDF`. That is, in the below example code, `df1 <- unSurvDF(df0)`, df0 is a dataframe with Surv objects. `unSurvDF` passes through fields from `df0` that are not Surv objects and splits Surv objects into two fields, the lower and upper bound, using a field naming syntax that includes a suffix of “_lo” and “_hi”. The user can change the default suffix (see help, i.e., ??unSurvDF for more information).

### saveDF

This function saves a dataframe to a CSV file using a default naming convention that includes the name of the dataframe and a timestamp in the file name. In general, we have found that saving a dataframe that includes Surv objects do not facilitate analyses in other software such as Excel. As in the case of `loadData` it is straightforward to use other functions to create csv files (e.g. `write.csv`, `write.table`).

### Example code

In the previous section, the sample code started at the top of the diagram shown in Figure 3 and used `loadData` and `makeSurvDF` to arrive at a dataframe with Surv objects as shown at the bottom of the diagram. The example code in this section starts at the bottom of the diagram and goes full circle such that the dataframe df0 is identical to df3.

    library(baytrends)

    # Load the first 10 rows of the built-in baytrends dataframe
    # dataCensored into a dataframe and just a few fields.
    df0 <- dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df0

    # Convert the dataframe, df0, that has Surv objects to a
    # dataframe where censored data are represented with
    # "_lo/_hi" field name syntax.
    df1 <- unSurvDF(df0)
    df1

    # Save dataframe, df1, where censored data are represented with
    # "_lo/_hi" field name syntax to a csv file in the working
    # directory.
    saveDF(df1, folder = '.')

    # Load data from csv file where censored data are represented
    # with "_lo/_hi“ field name syntax to a dataframe of same
    # structure.
    df2 <- loadData("*.csv" ,folder = '.')
    df2

    # Convert dataframe, df2, where censored data are represented
    # with "_lo/_hi“ field name syntax to a dataframe with Surv objects.
    df3 <- makeSurvDF(df2)
    df3

### Example output

    library(baytrends)

    # Load the first 10 rows of the built-in baytrends dataframe
    # dataCensored into a dataframe and just a few fields.
    df0 <- dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df0
    #>    station       date layer  tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2           0.0140            0.02770

    # Convert the dataframe, df0, that has Surv objects to a
    # dataframe where censored data are represented with
    # "_lo/_hi" field name syntax.
    df1 <- unSurvDF(df0)
    df1
    #>    station       date layer  tss tdp_lo tdp_hi   tp_lo   tp_hi
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9 0.0360 0.0360 0.05120 0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6 0.0170 0.0170 0.03100 0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8 0.0080 0.0080 0.02520 0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0 0.0255 0.0255 0.04760 0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 0.0000 0.0050 0.02310 0.02810
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 0.0040 0.0065 0.02375 0.02625
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6 0.0320 0.0320 0.04500 0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8 0.0640 0.0640 0.08410 0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5 0.0370 0.0370 0.05510 0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2 0.0140 0.0140 0.02770 0.02770

    # Save dataframe, df1, where censored data are represented with
    # "_lo/_hi" field name syntax to a csv file in the working
    # directory.
    saveDF(df1, folder = '.')

    # Load data from csv file where censored data are represented
    # with "_lo/_hi“ field name syntax to a dataframe of same
    # structure.
    df2 <- loadData("*.csv" ,folder = '.')
    #>
    #>
    #> |Description                            |Value                            |
    #> |:--------------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
    #> |1) File Name                           |df1_2026_02_24_121221.225838.csv |
    #> |2) Folder Name                         |.                                |
    #> |3) Primary Key                         |NA                               |
    #> |4) Rows Read In                        |10                               |
    #> |5) Columns Read In                     |8                                |
    #> |6) Rows After Blank Rows Removed       |10                               |
    #> |7) Columns After Blank Columns Removed |8                                |
    #> |8) Rows After Duplicate Rows Removed   |10                               |
    #> |9) Rows After Duplicate PK Removed     |n/a                              |
    #> |10) date converted with                |%Y-%Om-%d format                 |
    df2
    #>    station       date layer  tss tdp_lo tdp_hi   tp_lo   tp_hi
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9 0.0360 0.0360 0.05120 0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6 0.0170 0.0170 0.03100 0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8 0.0080 0.0080 0.02520 0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0 0.0255 0.0255 0.04760 0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 0.0000 0.0050 0.02310 0.02810
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 0.0040 0.0065 0.02375 0.02625
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6 0.0320 0.0320 0.04500 0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8 0.0640 0.0640 0.08410 0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5 0.0370 0.0370 0.05510 0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2 0.0140 0.0140 0.02770 0.02770

    # Convert dataframe, df2, where censored data are represented
    # with "_lo/_hi“ field name syntax to a dataframe with Surv objects.
    df3 <- makeSurvDF(df2)
    df3
    #>    station       date layer  tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2           0.0140            0.02770

## 3. Miscellaneous functions and notes

### Combining data frames that contain Surv objects

It is reasonable to assemble newly collected data with previous data in an environment outside of R and import the data en masse as described earlier. However, this step can also be performed inside R.

Normally, dataframes can be appended by using `rbind` function within R. For dataframes that include Surv objects is is necessary to use the `bind_rows` function from the `dplyr` library as demonstrated in the below code.

#### Example code

    library(baytrends)
    #library(dplyr)

    # Create two dataframes with Surv objects.
    df11 <- dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df11

    df12 <- dataCensored[11:20,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df12

    # Combine the two dataframe into one dataframe
    df13 <- dplyr::bind_rows(df11,df12)
    df13

#### Example output

    library(baytrends)
    #library(dplyr)

    # Create two dataframes with Surv objects.
    df11 <- dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df11
    #>    station       date layer  tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2           0.0140            0.02770

    df12 <- dataCensored[11:20,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    df12
    #>    station       date layer   tss    tdp     tp
    #> 11  CB3.3C 1985-06-18    BP 21.30 0.0160 0.0353
    #> 12  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     S 29.10 0.0260 0.0486
    #> 13  CB3.3C 1985-07-09    AP 12.00 0.0270 0.0488
    #> 14  CB3.3C 1985-07-09     B 20.80 0.0400 0.0539
    #> 15  CB3.3C 1985-07-09    BP  9.45 0.0180 0.0419
    #> 16  CB3.3C 1985-07-09     S 12.20 0.0190 0.0562
    #> 17  CB3.3C 1985-07-24    AP 16.40 0.0150 0.0490
    #> 18  CB3.3C 1985-07-24     B 17.00 0.0470 0.0560
    #> 19  CB3.3C 1985-07-24    BP 34.60 0.0430 0.0580
    #> 20  CB3.3C 1985-07-24     S 16.60 0.0145 0.0490

    # Combine the two dataframe into one dataframe
    df13 <- dplyr::bind_rows(df11,df12)
    df13
    #>    station       date layer   tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.90           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.60           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.80           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.00           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.00 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.40 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.60           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.80           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.50           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.20           0.0140            0.02770
    #> 11  CB3.3C 1985-06-18    BP 21.30           0.0160            0.03530
    #> 12  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     S 29.10           0.0260            0.04860
    #> 13  CB3.3C 1985-07-09    AP 12.00           0.0270            0.04880
    #> 14  CB3.3C 1985-07-09     B 20.80           0.0400            0.05390
    #> 15  CB3.3C 1985-07-09    BP  9.45           0.0180            0.04190
    #> 16  CB3.3C 1985-07-09     S 12.20           0.0190            0.05620
    #> 17  CB3.3C 1985-07-24    AP 16.40           0.0150            0.04900
    #> 18  CB3.3C 1985-07-24     B 17.00           0.0470            0.05600
    #> 19  CB3.3C 1985-07-24    BP 34.60           0.0430            0.05800
    #> 20  CB3.3C 1985-07-24     S 16.60           0.0145            0.04900

### Companion baytrends functions

#### unSurvDF and unSurv

As described earlier, `unSurvDF` converts dataframes that contain Surv objects into dataframes with separate columns representing the lower and upper bounds. The companion function, `unSurv`, operates on a single field and returns a 3-column matrix as demonstrated in the below code. See help (i.e., ??unSurv) for more information about the returned columns.

    dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    #>    station       date layer  tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2           0.0140            0.02770
    unSurvDF(dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")])
    #>    station       date layer  tss tdp_lo tdp_hi   tp_lo   tp_hi
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9 0.0360 0.0360 0.05120 0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6 0.0170 0.0170 0.03100 0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8 0.0080 0.0080 0.02520 0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0 0.0255 0.0255 0.04760 0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 0.0000 0.0050 0.02310 0.02810
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 0.0040 0.0065 0.02375 0.02625
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6 0.0320 0.0320 0.04500 0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8 0.0640 0.0640 0.08410 0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5 0.0370 0.0370 0.05510 0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2 0.0140 0.0140 0.02770 0.02770
    unSurv(dataCensored[1:10,"tdp"])
    #>           lo     hi type
    #>  [1,] 0.0360 0.0360    1
    #>  [2,] 0.0170 0.0170    1
    #>  [3,] 0.0080 0.0080    1
    #>  [4,] 0.0255 0.0255    1
    #>  [5,] 0.0000 0.0050    3
    #>  [6,] 0.0040 0.0065    3
    #>  [7,] 0.0320 0.0320    1
    #>  [8,] 0.0640 0.0640    1
    #>  [9,] 0.0370 0.0370    1
    #> [10,] 0.0140 0.0140    1

#### imputeDF and impute

In some instances, it is useful to simplify Surv objects to a single field instead of lower and upper bounds. By default `impute` and `imputeDF` will compute the midpoint between the lower and upper bound for a single Surv field or convert the entire dataframe, respectively as demonstrated with the below code. See help (i.e., ??imputeDF and ??impute) for more information on other imputation options including “lower”, “upper”, “mid”, “norm”, and “lnorm”.

    dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")]
    #>    station       date layer  tss              tdp                 tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9           0.0360            0.05120
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6           0.0170            0.03100
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8           0.0080            0.02520
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0           0.0255            0.04760
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 [0.0000, 0.0050] [0.02310, 0.02810]
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 [0.0040, 0.0065] [0.02375, 0.02625]
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6           0.0320            0.04500
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8           0.0640            0.08410
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5           0.0370            0.05510
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2           0.0140            0.02770
    imputeDF(dataCensored[1:10,c("station","date","layer","tss","tdp","tp")])
    #>    station       date layer  tss     tdp     tp
    #> 1   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    AP  6.9 0.03600 0.0512
    #> 2   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     B  7.6 0.01700 0.0310
    #> 3   CB3.3C 1985-05-21    BP  7.8 0.00800 0.0252
    #> 4   CB3.3C 1985-05-21     S  7.0 0.02550 0.0476
    #> 5   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    AP  5.0 0.00250 0.0256
    #> 6   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     B 10.4 0.00525 0.0250
    #> 7   CB3.3C 1985-06-04    BP  6.6 0.03200 0.0450
    #> 8   CB3.3C 1985-06-04     S  5.8 0.06400 0.0841
    #> 9   CB3.3C 1985-06-18    AP 17.5 0.03700 0.0551
    #> 10  CB3.3C 1985-06-18     B 31.2 0.01400 0.0277
    impute(dataCensored[1:10,"tdp"])
    #>  [1] 0.03600 0.01700 0.00800 0.02550 0.00250 0.00525 0.03200 0.06400 0.03700
    #> [10] 0.01400